{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:40:17Z","timestamp":1790671217568,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]],"date-time":"2009-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238457600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,30]],"date-time":"2009-03-30T18:46:52Z","timestamp":1238438812000},"page":"e401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Estimating Household and Community Transmission of Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Isobel M.","family":"Blake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin L.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony W.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C. W.","family":"Mabey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Gambhir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Gloria","family":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas C.","family":"Grassly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Trachoma: global magnitude of a preventable cause of blindness.","author":"SP Mariotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.015","article-title":"Recent progress in integrated neglected tropical disease control.","volume":"23","author":"P Hotez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Trachoma control: a guide for programme managers.","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e341","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000341","article-title":"The natural history of trachoma infection and disease in a Gambian cohort with frequent follow-up.","volume":"2","author":"NC Grassly","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70116-X","article-title":"Clinical examination and laboratory tests for estimation of trachoma prevalence in a remote setting: what are they really telling us?","volume":"5","author":"HR Wright","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0714","article-title":"The long-term natural history of trachomatous trichiasis in the Gambia.","volume":"47","author":"MJ Burton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0706263","article-title":"Two doses of azithromycin to eliminate trachoma in a Tanzanian community.","volume":"358","author":"AW Solomon","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.04.022","article-title":"Risk factors for active trachoma in The Gambia.","volume":"102","author":"EM Harding-Esch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200210000-00006","article-title":"Elimination of blinding trachoma.","volume":"15","author":"J Schachter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580590932761","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of trachoma control in seven world regions.","volume":"12","author":"RM Baltussen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"201","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of trachoma control measures: comparing targeted household treatment and mass treatment of children.","volume":"79","author":"KD Frick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1086\/341414","article-title":"Adverse and beneficial secondary effects of mass treatment with azithromycin to eliminate blindness due to trachoma in Nepal.","volume":"35","author":"AM Fry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.4.865","article-title":"Village and household clustering of xerophthalmia and trachoma.","volume":"17","author":"J Katz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.4.944","article-title":"Analysis of the household distribution of trachoma in a Gambian village using a Monte Carlo simulation procedure.","volume":"18","author":"R Bailey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0107","article-title":"Which members of a community need antibiotics to control trachoma? Conjunctival <italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/italic> infection load in Gambian villages.","volume":"44","author":"MJ Burton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.06.010","article-title":"The household distribution of trachoma in a Tanzanian village: an application of GIS to the study of trachoma.","volume":"99","author":"SR Polack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.6.322","article-title":"Latrine ownership as a protective factor in inflammatory trachoma in Egypt.","volume":"75","author":"P Courtright","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008659","article-title":"Risk factors for constant, severe trachoma among preschool children in Kongwa, Tanzania.","volume":"143","author":"SK West","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67529-0","article-title":"Infection with <italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/italic> after mass treatment of a trachoma hyperendemic community in Tanzania: a longitudinal study.","volume":"366","author":"SK West","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800049815","article-title":"A longitudinal study of trachoma in a Gambian village: implications concerning the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection.","volume":"108","author":"DC Mabey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.11.813","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of trachoma in a Gambian village.","volume":"78","author":"RL Bailey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.3.709","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of ocular chlamydial infection in trachoma-endemic communities.","volume":"170","author":"RL Bailey","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040979","article-title":"Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for trachoma.","volume":"351","author":"AW Solomon","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00645-5","article-title":"Natural history of trachomatous scarring in The Gambia: results of a 12-year longitudinal follow-up.","volume":"108","author":"RJ Bowman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(98)10060-3","article-title":"Stochastic and deterministic models for SIS epidemics among a population partitioned into households.","volume":"156","author":"F Ball","year":"1999","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1239\/aap\/1165414587","article-title":"Stochastic and deterministic analysis of SIS household epidemics.","volume":"38","author":"P Neal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Appl Prob"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Infectious diseases of humans","author":"R Anderson","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177732360","article-title":"The large-sample distribution of the likelihood-ratio for testing composite hypotheses.","volume":"9","author":"S Wilks","year":"1938","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Hypergeometric Distributions. Univariate Discrete Distributions","author":"NL Johnson","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Some Methods for the Statistical Analysis of Samples of Benthic Invertebrates","author":"JM Elliott","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.1999.00137.x","article-title":"Estimating intraclass correlation for binary data.","volume":"55","author":"MS Ridout","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Berkeley Madonna","author":"R Macey","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/8451","article-title":"Global elimination of trachoma: how frequently should we administer mass chemotherapy?","volume":"5","author":"T Lietman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-91","article-title":"A rationale for continuing mass antibiotic distributions for trachoma.","volume":"7","author":"KJ Ray","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"304","article-title":"Studies on the epidemiology and immunology of human ocular chlamydial infection","author":"R Bailey","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.552","article-title":"The natural history of endemic trachoma: a longitudinal study.","volume":"46","author":"HR Taylor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0326","article-title":"Spatial clustering of ocular chlamydial infection over time following treatment, among households in a village in Tanzania.","volume":"47","author":"AT Broman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61029-X","article-title":"Re-emergence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection after mass antibiotic treatment of a trachoma-endemic Gambian community: a longitudinal study.","volume":"365","author":"MJ Burton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.7.778","article-title":"Comparison of annual and biannual mass antibiotic administration for elimination of infectious trachoma.","volume":"299","author":"M Melese","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804001980","article-title":"Estimating the transmission parameters of pneumococcal carriage in households.","volume":"132","author":"A Melegaro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1912","article-title":"A Bayesian MCMC approach to study transmission of influenza: application to household longitudinal data.","volume":"23","author":"S Cauchemez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13909-8","article-title":"Strategies for control of trachoma: observational study with quantitative PCR.","volume":"362","author":"AW Solomon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7054.387","article-title":"Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study.","volume":"313","author":"VA Arason","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282f44772","article-title":"Azithromycin resistance in Treponema pallidum.","volume":"21","author":"KA Katz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.1.119","article-title":"Risk of resistance related to antibiotic use before admission in patients with community-acquired bacteraemia.","volume":"43","author":"G Pedersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"158","article-title":"Increasing spectrum in antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Bangladesh: resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone and decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.","volume":"25","author":"M Rahman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"194","article-title":"Comparison of two azithromycin distribution strategies for controlling trachoma in Nepal.","volume":"79","author":"SO Holm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.12.003","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of three azithromycin distribution strategies for treatment of trachoma in a sub-Saharan African country, Mali.","volume":"101","author":"JF Schemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68695-9","article-title":"Field evaluation of a rapid point-of-care assay for targeting antibiotic treatment for trachoma control: a comparative study.","volume":"367","author":"CE Michel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,19]],"date-time":"2019-05-19T01:47:32Z","timestamp":1558230452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000401"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Lietman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000401","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]}}}