{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:42:38Z","timestamp":1791258158030,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]],"date-time":"2009-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1240272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,20]],"date-time":"2009-04-20T22:51:55Z","timestamp":1240267915000},"page":"e420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Filarial Lymphedema Is Characterized by Antigen-Specific Th1 and Th17 Proinflammatory Responses and a Lack of Regulatory T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajid Q.","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Pavan Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo B.","family":"Lipira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanath","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Karthik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Kumaraswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2001.00399.x","article-title":"Regulation of the immune response in lymphatic filariasis: perspectives on acute and chronic infection with <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/italic> in South India.","volume":"23","author":"TB Nutman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90200-1","article-title":"New insights into the natural history and pathology of bancroftian filariasis: implications for clinical management and filariasis control programmes.","volume":"94","author":"G Dreyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125001348","article-title":"The histopathology of bancroftian filariasis revisited: the role of the adult worm in the lymphatic-vessel disease.","volume":"96","author":"J Figueredo-Silva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)60004-8","article-title":"Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts of filarial nematodes.","volume":"60","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.3.659","article-title":"The immunodeficient scid mouse as a model for human lymphatic filariasis.","volume":"173","author":"FK Nelson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(91)90029-J","article-title":"Histopathology of <italic>Brugia malayi<\/italic>-infected nude mice after immune-reconstitution.","volume":"49","author":"AC Vickery","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"633","article-title":"Predominant CD8<sup>+<\/sup> infiltrate in limb biopsies of individuals with filarial lymphedema and elephantiasis.","volume":"53","author":"DO Freedman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.3.1756","article-title":"Biased TCR repertoire in infiltrating lesional T cells in human bancroftian filariasis.","volume":"62","author":"DO Freedman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1086\/427658","article-title":"Chemokine receptors of T cells and of B cells in lymphatic filarial infection: a role for CCR9 in pathogenesis.","volume":"191","author":"S Babu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.8.2901","article-title":"Very late antigen-4\/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VLA-4\/VCAM-1) pathway is involved in the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes in bancroftian filariasis.","volume":"156","author":"DO Freedman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"77","article-title":"Lymphocyte subpopulations in bancroftian filariasis: activated (DR<sup>+<\/sup>) CD8<sup>+<\/sup> T cells in patients with chronic lymphatic obstruction.","volume":"77","author":"RB Lal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.1.437","article-title":"The major surface protein of Wolbachia endosymbionts in filarial nematodes elicits immune responses through TLR2 and TLR4.","volume":"173","author":"NW Brattig","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068732","article-title":"The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness.","volume":"295","author":"A Saint Andr\u00e9","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.2.1170","article-title":"Diminished expression and function of TLR in lymphatic filariasis: a novel mechanism of immune dysregulation.","volume":"175","author":"S Babu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.7.3885","article-title":"Diminished T cell TLR expression and function modulates the immune response in human filarial infection.","volume":"176","author":"S Babu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.5.1034","article-title":"Enhanced diagnostic specificity in human filariasis by IgG4 antibody assessment.","volume":"158","author":"RB Lal","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.10.002","article-title":"Intracellular NOD-like receptors in host defense and disease.","volume":"27","author":"TD Kanneganti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2007.10.004","article-title":"Dendritic cells and cytokines in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.","volume":"19","author":"P Blanco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.10.001","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor antagonist mechanisms of action: a comprehensive review.","volume":"117","author":"D Tracey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.001","article-title":"Th17 cell differentiation: the long and winding road.","volume":"28","author":"MJ McGeachy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.06.002","article-title":"Th17: an effector CD4 T cell lineage with regulatory T cell ties.","volume":"24","author":"CT Weaver","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.004","article-title":"The biological functions of T helper 17 cell effector cytokines in inflammation.","volume":"28","author":"W Ouyang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2486","article-title":"IL-23 is required for the development of severe egg-induced immunopathology in schistosomiasis and for lesional expression of IL-17.","volume":"180","author":"LI Rutitzky","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.6.3920","article-title":"Severe CD4 T cell-mediated immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis is dependent on IL-12p40 and correlates with high levels of IL-17.","volume":"175","author":"LI Rutitzky","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1376","article-title":"Interleukin 27 negatively regulates the development of interleukin 17-producing T helper cells during chronic inflammation of the central nervous system.","volume":"7","author":"JS Stumhofer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200423395","article-title":"CD4<sup>+<\/sup> Tregs and immune control.","volume":"114","author":"Z Fehervari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1181","article-title":"Natural regulatory T cells in infectious disease.","volume":"6","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.323","article-title":"Nitric oxide and macrophage function.","volume":"15","author":"J MacMicking","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.01.014","article-title":"Interleukin-17 augments tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1-induced elaboration of proangiogenic factors from fibroblasts.","volume":"93","author":"M Numasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020092","article-title":"Doxycycline reduces plasma VEGF-C\/sVEGFR-3 and improves pathology in lymphatic filariasis.","volume":"2","author":"AY Debrah","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00732.x","article-title":"Soluble cellular adhesion molecules, selectins, VEGF and endothelin-1 in patients with <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/italic> infection and association with clinical status.","volume":"27","author":"P Esterre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2003.09.011","article-title":"Control of immune homeostasis by naturally arising regulatory CD4<sup>+<\/sup> T cells.","volume":"15","author":"M Gavin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.003","article-title":"Contextual regulation of inflammation: a duet by transforming growth factor-\u03b2 and interleukin-10.","volume":"28","author":"MO Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160062","article-title":"CTLA-4 control over Foxp3<sup>+<\/sup> regulatory T cell function.","volume":"322","author":"K Wing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.5.3248","article-title":"Regulatory networks induced by live parasites impair both Th1 and Th2 pathways in patent lymphatic filariasis: implications for parasite persistence.","volume":"176","author":"S Babu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.4924","article-title":"Removal of regulatory T cell activity reverses hyporesponsiveness and leads to filarial parasite clearance in vivo.","volume":"174","author":"MD Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133347","article-title":"NOD-LRR proteins: role in host-microbial interactions and inflammatory disease.","volume":"74","author":"Inohara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126","article-title":"Toll-like receptors.","volume":"21","author":"K Takeda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.8.1429","article-title":"Inflammatory responses induced by the filarial nematode <italic>Brugia malayi<\/italic> are mediated by lipopolysaccharide-like activity from endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria.","volume":"191","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.2.1068","article-title":"Innate immune responses to endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in <italic>Brugia malayi<\/italic> and <italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/italic> are dependent on TLR2, TLR6, MyD88, and Mal, but not TLR4, TRIF, or TRAM.","volume":"178","author":"AG Hise","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-149856","article-title":"Inhibition of TLR3 and TLR4 function and expression in human dendritic cells by helminth parasites.","volume":"112","author":"RT Semnani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1086","article-title":"NODs: intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis.","volume":"3","author":"N Inohara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T21:57:46Z","timestamp":1684965466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000420"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ricardo Toshio","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000420","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]}}}