{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:49:20Z","timestamp":1790207360663,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]],"date-time":"2009-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246320000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,29]],"date-time":"2009-06-29T22:19:02Z","timestamp":1246313942000},"page":"e473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Risk Factors for Helminth, Malaria, and HIV Infection in Pregnancy in Entebbe, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Patrick William","family":"Woodburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Muhangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"Ndibazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Proscovia Bazanya","family":"Namujju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Kizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Ameke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas Emojong","family":"Omoding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison Mary","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34261","article-title":"Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases.","volume":"118","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases, hidden successes, emerging opportunities","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2007.03.009","article-title":"Chronic helminth infections induce immunomodulation: Consequences and mechanisms.","volume":"212","author":"E van Riet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Manson&apos;s Tropical Diseases. 22 ed","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.10.014","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of parasite co-infection: Determinants and geostatistical prediction at regional scales.","volume":"39","author":"S Brooker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis: Report of a WHO Expert Committee","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-007-0907-z","article-title":"Increased prevalence of intestinal helminth infection during pregnancy in a Sub-Saharan African community.","volume":"119","author":"AA Adegnika","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.02.001","article-title":"The influence of pregnancy on intestinal parasite infection in Thai women.","volume":"101","author":"U Herter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90012-5","article-title":"Reducing childhood mortality in poor countries: Importance and prevention of malaria in pregnancy.","volume":"97","author":"CE Shulman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s5","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000261456.09797.1b","article-title":"The Need and Plan for Global Elimination of Congenital Syphilis.","volume":"34","author":"GP Schmid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"HIV in Pregnancy: A review.","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2003.10.019","article-title":"The Sick Placenta - The Role of Malaria.","volume":"25","author":"BJ Brabin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70021-X","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy.","volume":"7","author":"M Desai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318162afe0","article-title":"Association of HIV and Malaria With Mother-to-Child Transmission, Birth Outcomes, and Child Mortality.","volume":"47","author":"H Brahmbhatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040107","article-title":"Insecticide-treated nets for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"4","author":"C Gamble","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70024-5","article-title":"Reducing the burden of malaria in pregnancy by preventive strategies.","volume":"7","author":"C Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.001873.x","article-title":"Effect of pregnancy on HIV disease progression and survival among women in rural Uganda.","volume":"12","author":"L van der Paal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000148081.38331.92","article-title":"HIV Risk Perception and Prevalence in a Program for Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission.","volume":"39","author":"H Mpairwe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774506075248","article-title":"The impact of helminths on the response to immunization and on the incidence of infection and disease in childhood in Uganda: design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial of deworming interventions delivered in pregnancy and early childhood.","volume":"4","author":"AM Elliott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.03.017","article-title":"Associations between mild-to-moderate anaemia in pregnancy and helminth, malaria and HIV infection in Entebbe, Uganda.","volume":"101","author":"L Muhangi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550403400113","article-title":"Screening for intestinal helminth infection in a semi-urban cohort of pregnant women in Uganda.","volume":"34","author":"JW Bukusuba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>.","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"757","article-title":"Helminths.","author":"J Friend","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90266-9","article-title":"An improved Knott&apos;s concentration test for the detection of microfilariae.","volume":"94","author":"WD Melrose","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Uganda Population and Housing Census","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1086\/591183","article-title":"Malaria and helminth co-infection in a semi-urban population of pregnant women in Uganda.","volume":"198","author":"SD Hillier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.09.009","article-title":"FLOTAC: a new sensitive technique for the diagnosis of hookworm infections in humans.","volume":"102","author":"J Utzinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550303300206","article-title":"Screening for intestinal helminth infestation in a semi-urban cohort of HIV-infected people in Uganda: a combination of techniques may enhance diagnostic yield in the absence of multiple stool samples.","volume":"33","author":"M Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.9.2992-2996.1999","article-title":"Detection of the <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> Antigen Histidine-Rich Protein 2 in Blood of Pregnant Women: Implications for Diagnosing Placental Malaria.","volume":"37","author":"RFG Leke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X361990","article-title":"Rapid assessment of the geographical distribution of <italic>Mansonella perstans<\/italic> infections in Uganda, by screening schoolchildren for microfilariae.","volume":"99","author":"AW Onapa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01176.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and geography of <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> in Uganda: implications for planning and control.","volume":"9","author":"NB Kabatereine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-5-27","article-title":"Parasitological impact of 2-year preventive chemotherapy on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Uganda.","volume":"5","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/45.1.14","article-title":"An analysis of individual, household, and environmental risk factors for intestinal helminth infection among children in Qena Governorate, Upper Egypt.","volume":"45","author":"F Curtale","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000352","article-title":"Human helminth co-infection: analysis of spatial patterns and risk factors in a brazilian community.","volume":"2","author":"RL Pullan","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.07.003","article-title":"Helminth infections and risk factor analysis among residents in Eryuan county, Yunnan province, China.","volume":"104","author":"P Steinmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000006867","article-title":"The public health significance of <italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/italic>.","volume":"121","author":"LS Stephenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.07.009","article-title":"Comparison of different anthelminthic drug regimens against <italic>Mansonella perstans<\/italic> filariasis.","volume":"100","author":"ER Bregani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90040-X","article-title":"Associations between helminth infection and CD4+ T cell count, viral load and cytokine responses in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults.","volume":"97","author":"AM Elliott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1086\/425042","article-title":"Helminth infection is not associated with faster HIV disease progression in co-infected adults in Uganda.","volume":"190","author":"M Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1086\/444543","article-title":"Treatment of intestinal helminths does not reduce plasma concentrations of HIV-1 RNA in co-infected Zambian adults.","volume":"192","author":"K Modjarrad","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.08.016","article-title":"Cross-sectional relationship between HIV, lymphatic filariasis and other parasitic infections in adults in coastal northeastern Tanzania.","volume":"100","author":"NO Nielsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.02.009","article-title":"Co-infection with subclinical HIV and Wuchereria bancrofti, and the role of malaria and hookworms, in adult Tanzanians: infection intensities, CD4\/CD8 counts and cytokine responses.","volume":"101","author":"NO Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00904.x","article-title":"Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses.","volume":"28","author":"M Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.1","article-title":"HIV infection and the gastrointestinal immune system.","volume":"1","author":"JM Brenchley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.048","article-title":"Reducing the risk of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus transmission: past successes, current progress and challenges, and future directions.","volume":"197","author":"MG Fowler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000473","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T23:02:53Z","timestamp":1710457373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000473"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Brooker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000473","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]}}}