{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:54:15Z","timestamp":1792623255273,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,6]],"date-time":"2010-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270512000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Epidemiologically, animals are considered reservoirs and humans incidental hosts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We investigated Q fever in rural Senegal. Human samples (e.g., sera, saliva, breast milk, feces) were screened in the generally healthy population of two villages of the Sine-Saloum region. Ticks were collected in four regions. Seroprevalence was studied by immunofluorescence, and all other samples were tested by two qPCR systems for detection of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Positive samples were genotyped (multispacer typing) by amplification and sequencing of three spacers. Strains were isolated by cell culture. We found that the seroprevalence may be as high as 24.5% (59 of 238 studied) in Dielmo village. We identified spontaneous excretion of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      by humans through faeces and milk. Hard and soft ticks (8 species) were infected in 0\u201337.6%. We identified three genotypes of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The previously identified genotype 6 was the most common in ticks in all studied regions and the only one found in human samples. Three strains of genotype 6 of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      were also recovered from soft tick\n                      <jats:italic>Ornithodoros sonrai<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Two other genotypes found in ticks, 35 and 36, were identified for the first time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Q fever should be considered a significant public health threat in Senegal. Humans, similar to other mammals, may continuously excrete\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,7]],"date-time":"2010-04-07T01:20:55Z","timestamp":1270603255000},"page":"e654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":213,"title":["RETRACTED: Coxiella burnetii in Humans and Ticks in Rural Senegal"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Oleg","family":"Mediannikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Fenollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Socolovschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Diatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Bassene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Molez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Sokhna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Trape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0000654-TissotDupont1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.03.002","article-title":"Q fever.","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Raoult1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1086\/596706","article-title":"Reemergence of Q fever after 11 September 2001.","volume":"48","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Marrie1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MarrieTJ\n 2007 Epidemiology of Q fever. \nRaoultD\nParolaP\n Rickettsial diseases New York Informa Healthcare USA, Inc 281 289","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420019971.020"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Philip1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2307\/3273312","article-title":"Observations on experimental Q fever.","volume":"34","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Smith1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1939.tb98378.x","article-title":"Further series of laboratoriy infections with the Rickettsia of \u201cQ\u201d fever.","volume":"1","year":"1939","journal-title":"Med J Australia"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Weyer1","first-page":"344","article-title":"Die Bezichungen des Q-Fieber Erregers (Rickettsia burneti) zu Arthropoden.","volume":"4(3)","year":"1953","journal-title":"Z Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Balashov1","unstructured":"BalashovYS\nDaiterAB\n 1973 Blood-feeding artropods and rickettsiae [In Russian]. Leningrad Nauka (Russian Academy of Sciences) 251"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Eklund1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.2307\/4586287","article-title":"Case of Q fever probably contracted by exposure to ticks in nature.","volume":"62","year":"1947","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Derrick1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43743.x","article-title":"\u201cQ\u201d fever, a new fever entity: clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigation.","volume":"2","year":"1937","journal-title":"Med J Australia"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Davis1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.2307\/4583119","article-title":"Rickettsia diaporica: recovery of three strains from Dermacentor andersoni collected in southeastern Wyoming: their identity with Montana strain 1.","volume":"54","year":"1939","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Weyer2","first-page":"219","article-title":"[Observations on the behaviour of Coxiella burnetii in the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata (author's transl)].","volume":"26","year":"1975","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Daiter1","first-page":"591","article-title":"Bed bug as possible reservoir of Rickettsia burnetii (experimental and epidemiological data) [In Russian].","year":"1960","journal-title":"Vopr Virusol"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Boni1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Survey of seroprevalence of Q fever in dogs in the southeast of France, French Guyana, Martinique, Senegal and the Ivory coast.","volume":"64","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-TissotDupont2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.5.1126","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia conorii, and Rickettsia typhi in seven African countries.","volume":"21","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Sonenshine1","unstructured":"SonenshineDE\n 1993 Biology of ticks. 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UK Bioscience Reports"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Kelly1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90303-G","article-title":"Isolation of spotted fever group rickettsias from triturated ticks using a modification of the centrifugation-shell vial technique.","volume":"85","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Munderloh1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.3.664-670.1996","article-title":"Isolation of the equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent, Ehrlichia equi, in tick cell culture.","volume":"34","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Rolain1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hci099","article-title":"Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in blood and sera during Q fever.","volume":"98","year":"2005","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Denison1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-91","article-title":"IS1111 insertion sequences of Coxiella burnetii: characterization and use for repetitive element PCR-based differentiation of Coxiella burnetii isolates.","volume":"7","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Charrel1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-pathogens sequence containing plasmids as positive controls for universal detection of potential agents of bioterrorism.","volume":"4","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0000654-Glazunova1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.041354","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii genotyping.","volume":"11","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect 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