{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:28:46Z","timestamp":1792157326676,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]],"date-time":"2010-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277164800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]],"date-time":"2010-06-22T15:58:45Z","timestamp":1277222325000},"page":"e722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":452,"title":["The Global Burden of Alveolar Echinococcosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Torgerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mellissa","family":"Magnotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Ragland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(03)00006-7","article-title":"Echinococcosis - an international public health challenge.","volume":"74","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.107-135.2004","article-title":"Biological, epidemiological and clinical aspects of echinococcosis: a zoonosis of increasing concern.","volume":"17","author":"J Eckert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.03.023","article-title":"Alveolar echinococcosis: from a deadly disease to a well controlled infection. Relative survival and economic analysis in Switzerland over the last 35 years.","volume":"49","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2005.11.028","article-title":"The present situation of echinococcosis in Europe.","volume":"55","author":"T Romig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology Int"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1306.061074","article-title":"Human alveolar echinococcosis after fox population increase, Switzerland.","volume":"13","author":"A Schweiger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infec Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92693-A","article-title":"A large focus of alveolar echinococcosis in central China.","volume":"340","author":"PS Craig","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.56","article-title":"Use of disability adjusted life years in the estimation of the disease burden of echinococcosis for a high endemic region of the Tibetan plateau.","volume":"71","author":"CM Budke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.08.024","article-title":"A canine purgation study and risk factor analysis for echinococcosis in a high endemic region of the Tibetan plateau.","volume":"127","author":"CM Budke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Canine echinococcosis in Kyrgyzstan: epidemiology and transmission analysis incorporting diagnostic uncertainty.","volume":"38","author":"I Ziadinov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.080522","article-title":"Control strategy for <italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/italic>.","volume":"14","author":"D Heglin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.030773","article-title":"Risk factors for alveolar echinococcosis in humans.","volume":"10","author":"PA Kern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.856","article-title":"Socioeconomic behavior risk factors of human alveolar echinococcosis in Tibetan communities in Sichuan, People&apos;s Republic of China.","volume":"74","author":"Q Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.071173","article-title":"Underreporting of human alveolar echinococcosis, Germany.","volume":"14","author":"P Jorgensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"61","article-title":"The protocol of the 244th session of the pulmonary section of the surgical society of Moscow and Moscow Oblast - 11.04.06.","volume":"2","author":"AA Bishnevski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Problems of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"208","article-title":"Cystic echinococcosis in Turkey from 2001\u20132005.","volume":"32","author":"S Yazar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"633","article-title":"Parasitic zoonoses diseases in Turkey.","volume":"44","author":"N Altintas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinaria Italiana"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.1.0001","article-title":"Central nervous system hydatidosis in Turkey: a cooperative study and literature survey analysis of 458 cases.","volume":"93","author":"N Altinors","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i30.4611","article-title":"Liver alveolar echinococcosis in China: clinical aspect with relative basic research.","volume":"11","author":"P Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020341","article-title":"European echinococcosis registry: human alveolar echinococcosis, Europe, 1982\u20132000.","volume":"9","author":"P Kern","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"429","article-title":"Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years.","volume":"72","author":"CJL Murray","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Global burden of disease 2004 update: disability weights for diseases and conditions","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050499","article-title":"Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis.","volume":"12","author":"CM Budke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-53","article-title":"Human cases of simultaneous echinococcosis and tuberculosis - significance and extent in China.","volume":"2","author":"YR Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.2008\/002816-0","article-title":"Brain and lung metastasis of alveolar echinococcosis in a refugee from a hyperendemic area.","volume":"57","author":"T Tappe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Medical Microbiol"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Alveolar echinococcosis and hydatidosis","author":"AS Bessonov","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"45","article-title":"The prevention of alveolar hydatid disease in the Koryak Autonomous Okrug","author":"MA Stepchuk","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"36","article-title":"Materials of the regional scientific and practical seminar \u201cContempory aspects of surgical treatment of malignant tumours of the hepatic-duodenum zone\u201d. Cryosurgery of maliganant and parasitic disease of the liver.","volume":"1","author":"BI Alperovich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Siberian Oncology Journal"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2005.11.033","article-title":"Distribution and ecology of <italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/italic> in Central Asia.","volume":"55","author":"BS Shaikenov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology Int"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90015-9","article-title":"<italic>Echinococcus multilocoularis<\/italic> infection in India: first case report proved at autopsy.","volume":"72","author":"BK Aikat","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.56.653.197","article-title":"Alveolar hydatid disease of the liver with Budd-Chiari syndrome.","volume":"56","author":"MS Khuroo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2002.0997","article-title":"A mass in the liver.","volume":"45","author":"JC Graham","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infection"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X300805","article-title":"The present state of human helminthic diseases in Iran.","volume":"102","author":"MB Rokni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1983.11811758","article-title":"Alveolar hydatid disease of the liver: first case report from man in Iraq.","volume":"77","author":"HK Al-Attar","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"395","article-title":"<italic>Echinococcosis multilocularis<\/italic> in south-eastern Anatolia, Turkey.","volume":"80","author":"AK Uzunlar","year":"2003","journal-title":"East African Med J"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.65.1.0115","article-title":"Alveolar hydatid disease of the brain. Report of four cases.","volume":"65","author":"Y Aydin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01633.x","article-title":"Hospital and community surveys reveal the severe public health problem and socio-economic impact of human echinococcosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.","volume":"11","author":"YR Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.1340","article-title":"Alveolar hydatid disease. A review of clinical features of 33 indigenous cases of <italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/italic> infection in Alaskan Eskimos.","volume":"29","author":"JF Wilson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290350024014","article-title":"Alveolar hydatid disease in Minnesota. First human case acquired in the contiguous United States.","volume":"241","author":"WG Gamble","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"354","article-title":"<italic>Echinococcus alveolaris<\/italic>.","volume":"36","author":"E James","year":"1937","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.061161","article-title":"Alveolar echinococcosis, Lithuania.","volume":"13","author":"R Bruzinskaite","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"723","article-title":"Alveolar echinococcosis in Tunisia. Apropos of 2 cases.","volume":"78","author":"MM Zitouna","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"379","article-title":"Hepatic alveolar hydatidosis in Morocco.","volume":"64","author":"M Maliki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Trop (Mars)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.2","article-title":"Economic effects of echinococcosis in a disease-endemic region of the Tibetan Plateau.","volume":"73","author":"CM Budke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000114","article-title":"Measuring the burden of neglected tropical diseases: the global burden of disease framework.","volume":"7: 1(2)","author":"CD Mathers","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"360","article-title":"Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia.","volume":"83","author":"DL Knobel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"The World Health Report - Changing History","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.35.283","article-title":"Human echinococcosis: a neglected disease?","volume":"35","author":"PS Craig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2005.11.034","article-title":"Epidemiology of human alveolar echinococcosis in China.","volume":"55","author":"PS Craig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology Int"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.08.012","article-title":"Reproductive potential of <italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/italic> in experimentally infected foxes, dogs, raccoon dogs and cats.","volume":"36","author":"CMO Kapel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01834.x","article-title":"A correlative study of ultrasound with serology in an area in China co-endemic for human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis.","volume":"12","author":"YR Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050079","article-title":"Echinococcosis in Tibetan populations, western Sichuan Province, China.","volume":"11","author":"L Tiaoying","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"973","article-title":"Approach to risk factor of human behavior on epidemic of alveolar echinococcosis.","volume":"19","author":"SHI Dazhong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chinese J Public Health"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2008.242","article-title":"Cystic and Alveolar echinococcosis: an epidemiological survey in a Tibetan population in Southeast Qinghai, China.","volume":"61","author":"SH Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Japanese J Infec Dis"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.02.004","article-title":"Fenced pasture: a possible risk factor for human alveolar echinococcosis in Tibetan pastoralist communities of Sichuan, China.","volume":"90","author":"Q Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.23","article-title":"Combined ultrasound and serologic screening for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in central China.","volume":"66","author":"G Bartholomot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"973","article-title":"Approach to risk factor of human behavior on epidemic of alveolar echinococcosis.","volume":"19","author":"D Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chinese J Public Health"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"229","article-title":"An epidemiological survey on echinococcosis in Zhidua County of Qinghai Province.","volume":"25","author":"X Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chinese J Parasitic Dis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003004165","article-title":"Echinococcosis on the Tibetan Plateau: prevalence and risk factors for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in Tibetan populations in Qinghai Province, China.","volume":"127","author":"PM Schantz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.487","article-title":"Unique family clustering of human echinococcosis cases in a Chinese community.","volume":"74","author":"YR Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"55","article-title":"The pathology of echinococcosis (50 cases) and the current echinococcus problem of Turkey.","volume":"1","author":"MS Canda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Ecopathology"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"369","article-title":"The pathology of echinococcosis and the current echinococcosis problem in Western Turkey (a report of pathological features of 80 cases).","volume":"33","author":"MS Canda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"25","article-title":"Uncommonly localised cases of echinococcosis (report of 45 cases).","volume":"9","author":"N Kilinc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Ecopathology"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3350-3352.2004","article-title":"Use of two sensitive and specific immunoblot markers, Em 80 and Em 90, for diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis.","volume":"42","author":"M Korkmaz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"104","article-title":"Problems of echinococcosis in the Diyarbakir Province (158 cases).","volume":"1","author":"YA Temir","year":"1995","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Ecopathology"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"163","article-title":"Evaluation of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in people in Erzurum and surrounding cities.","volume":"29","author":"C Gundogdu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica Turcica"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"20","article-title":"Resction of the liver for focal lesions.","volume":"7","author":"MV Lysenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Military Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory symptoms of space-occupying hepatic lesions and their prognostic value.","author":"AG Abdullaev","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"293","article-title":"Biology of <italic>Echinococcus<\/italic>.","author":"Y Oku","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003004153","article-title":"Epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis with particular reference to China and Europe.","volume":"127","author":"DA Vuitton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1556\/OH.2008.28281","article-title":"The first case of human alveolar echinococcosis in Hungary.","volume":"149","author":"A Horv\u00e1th","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orv Hetil"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"136","article-title":"High-grade transverse syndrome caused by <italic>Echinococcus<\/italic> cysts.","volume":"66","author":"KF Druschky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"189","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of alveococcosis caused by <italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/italic>.","volume":"53","author":"J Stefaniak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wiad Parazytol"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"18","article-title":"Using PCR analysis for diagnosis of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.","volume":"61","author":"J Kin\u010dekov\u00e1","year":"2007","journal-title":"Czech and Slovak Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01701.x","article-title":"Human alveolar echinococcosis in Slovenia.","volume":"13","author":"J Logar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"3","article-title":"Human alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis in Austria: the recent epidemiological situation.","volume":"38","author":"H Auer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"867","article-title":"L&apos;echinococcose alveolaire: une zone d&apos;apparition recente en Wallonie.","volume":"60","author":"O Wauter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Med Liege"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.071173","article-title":"Underreporting of human alveolar echinococcosis, Germany.","volume":"14","author":"P Jorgensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000722","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T23:54:29Z","timestamp":1740182069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000722"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Brooker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]]}}}