{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:28:00Z","timestamp":1791404880899,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]],"date-time":"2010-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280188800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]],"date-time":"2010-07-27T19:48:19Z","timestamp":1280260099000},"page":"e758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Asymmetric Wolbachia Segregation during Early Brugia malayi Embryogenesis Determines Its Distribution in Adult Host Tissues"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Landmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barton","family":"Slatko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2307\/3285768","article-title":"How much human helminthiasis is there in the world?","volume":"85","author":"DW Crompton","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.09.004","article-title":"Mass drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis.","volume":"19","author":"DH Molyneux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00432-0","article-title":"Wolbachia in filarial nematodes: evolutionary aspects and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases.","volume":"98","author":"C Bandi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)60004-8","article-title":"Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts of filarial nematodes.","volume":"60","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04581-5","article-title":"Depletion of wolbachia endobacteria in Onchocerca volvulus by doxycycline and microfilaridermia after ivermectin treatment.","volume":"357","author":"A Hoerauf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-007-0062-1","article-title":"Wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo-controlled study.","volume":"197","author":"A Hoerauf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1133-y","article-title":"Efficacy of 2- and 4-week rifampicin treatment on the Wolbachia of Onchocerca volvulus.","volume":"103","author":"S Specht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1086\/586753","article-title":"Doxycycline treatment of Brugia malayi-infected persons reduces microfilaremia and adverse reactions after diethylcarbamazine and albendazole treatment.","volume":"46","author":"T Supali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1313","article-title":"Antigenic role of the endosymbionts of filarial nematodes: IgG response against the Wolbachia surface protein in cats infected with Dirofilaria immitis.","volume":"267","author":"C Bazzocchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01269-7","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-like molecules derived from Wolbachia endobacteria of the filaria Onchocerca volvulus are candidate mediators in the sequence of inflammatory and antiinflammatory responses of human monocytes.","volume":"2","author":"NW Brattig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.8.1429","article-title":"Inflammatory responses induced by the filarial nematode Brugia malayi are mediated by lipopolysaccharide-like activity from endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria.","volume":"191","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.4.2442-2445.2006","article-title":"Wolbachia- and Onchocerca volvulus-induced keratitis (river blindness) is dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 88.","volume":"74","author":"I Gillette-Ferguson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068732","article-title":"The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness.","volume":"295","author":"A Saint Andre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22364","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M901528200","article-title":"Wolbachia lipoprotein stimulates innate and adaptive immunity through Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to induce disease manifestations of filariasis.","volume":"284","author":"JD Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00032922","article-title":"On the adult morphology of Wuchereria sp. (malayi?) from a monkey (Macaca irus) and from cats in Malaya, and on Wuchereria pahangi n.sp. from a dog and a cat.","volume":"30","author":"JJ Buckley","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"617","article-title":"Some observations on filarial infection in Ceylon with special reference to its histopathology.","volume":"14","author":"GH Cooray","year":"1960","journal-title":"Indian J Malariol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2307\/3275258","article-title":"Developmental stages of Brugia pahangi in the final host.","volume":"48","author":"JF Schacher","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"282","article-title":"Histology of adult Brugia malayi.","volume":"37","author":"M Franz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.2307\/3279832","article-title":"Transovarially-transmitted intracellular microorganisms in adult and larval stages of Brugia malayi.","volume":"63","author":"WJ Kozek","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(75)90110-8","article-title":"Micro-organisms in filarial larvae (Nematoda).","volume":"69","author":"DJ McLaren","year":"1975","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)02494-8","article-title":"Molecular evidence for a close relative of the arthropod endosymbiont Wolbachia in a filarial worm.","volume":"74","author":"M Sironi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00014-X","article-title":"The filarial genome project: analysis of the nuclear, mitochondrial and endosymbiont genomes of Brugia malayi.","volume":"30","author":"SA Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4383","article-title":"16S rDNA phylogeny and ultrastructural characterization of Wolbachia intracellular bacteria of the filarial nematodes Brugia malayi, B. pahangi, and Wuchereria bancrofti.","volume":"91","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.01.006","article-title":"Population dynamics of Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts in Brugia malayi.","volume":"135","author":"HF McGarry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.06.012","article-title":"Quantification of Wolbachia bacteria in Brugia malayi through the nematode lifecycle.","volume":"137","author":"K Fenn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(79)90069-1","article-title":"Fertilization and sperm competition in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.","volume":"73","author":"S Ward","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.5.1467","article-title":"Specification of the anteroposterior axis in Caenorhabditis elegans.","volume":"122","author":"B Goldstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-002-0289-1","article-title":"Comparative and experimental embryogenesis of Plectidae (Nematoda).","volume":"213","author":"V Lahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Genes Evol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90197-O","article-title":"Cell lineages, developmental timing, and spatial pattern formation in embryos of free-living soil nematodes.","volume":"151","author":"F Skiba","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1139\/z00-179","article-title":"Comparative survey of early embryogenesis of Secernetea (Nematoda), with phylogenetic implication.","volume":"79","author":"CJBG Dolinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0977","article-title":"On the evolution of early development in the Nematoda.","volume":"356","author":"B Goldstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref32","author":"VV Malakhov","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(83)90201-4","article-title":"The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.","volume":"100","author":"JE Sulston","year":"1983","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidermal morphogenesis","author":"AD Chisholm","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(03)00327-7","article-title":"A conserved chromatin architecture marks and maintains the restricted germ cell lineage in worms and flies.","volume":"5","author":"CE Schaner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.4.5.9369","article-title":"Histone H3 Lysine 4 di-methylation: a novel mark for transcriptional fidelity?","volume":"4","author":"M Pinskaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4570","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.054981","article-title":"Symmetric and asymmetric mitotic segregation patterns influence Wolbachia distribution in host somatic tissue.","volume":"122","author":"R Albertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002536","article-title":"Functional visualization of the excretory system of adult Schistosoma mansoni by the fluorescent marker resorufin.","volume":"125","author":"H Sato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010014","article-title":"Wolbachia utilizes host microtubules and Dynein for anterior localization in the Drosophila oocyte.","volume":"1","author":"PM Ferree","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.37.110801.142443","article-title":"Cell polarity and the cytoskeleton in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote.","volume":"37","author":"SQ Schneider","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2007.10.007","article-title":"The PAR proteins: fundamental players in animal cell polarization.","volume":"13","author":"B Goldstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030190","article-title":"A cellular basis for Wolbachia recruitment to the host germline.","volume":"3","author":"LR Serbus","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"The Genetic and Cell Biology of Wolbachia-host Interactions.","author":"LR Serbus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81340-9","article-title":"Spatial and temporal controls target pal-1 blastomere-specification activity to a single blastomere lineage in C. elegans embryos.","volume":"87","author":"CP Hunter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01782","article-title":"The homeodomain protein PAL-1 specifies a lineage-specific regulatory network in the C. elegans embryo.","volume":"132","author":"LR Baugh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00158-3","article-title":"Tetracycline treatment and sex-ratio distortion: a role for Wolbachia in the moulting of filarial nematodes?","volume":"32","author":"M Casiraghi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.2307\/3280871","article-title":"Karyotypes of Brugia pahangi and Brugia malayi (Nematoda: Filarioidea).","volume":"69","author":"Y Sakaguchi","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-008-9011-0","article-title":"C. elegans dosage compensation: a window into mechanisms of domain-scale gene regulation.","volume":"17","author":"S Ercan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chromosome Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5293.1736","article-title":"Sex-specific assembly of a dosage compensation complex on the nematode X chromosome.","volume":"274","author":"PT Chuang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5293.1732","article-title":"DPY-26, a link between dosage compensation and meiotic chromosome segregation in the nematode.","volume":"274","author":"JD Lieb","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref51","author":"AFB Bird","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(81)90041-2","article-title":"Brugia pahangi: feeding and nutrient uptake in vitro and in vivo.","volume":"51","author":"RE Howells","year":"1981","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e525","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000525","article-title":"Brugia malayi Gene Expression in Response to the Targeting of the Wolbachia Endosymbiont by Tetracycline Treatment.","volume":"3","author":"E Ghedin","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00200-8","article-title":"Effects of tetracycline on the filarial worms Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis and their bacterial endosymbionts Wolbachia.","volume":"29","author":"C Bandi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00544.x","article-title":"Targeting of Wolbachia endobacteria in Litomosoides sigmodontis: comparison of tetracyclines with chloramphenicol, macrolides and ciprofloxacin.","volume":"5","author":"A Hoerauf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e410","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000410","article-title":"Brugia malayi excreted\/secreted proteins at the host\/parasite interface: stage- and gender-specific proteomic profiling.","volume":"3","author":"S Bennuru","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200310000-00006","article-title":"Control of filarial infections: not the beginning of the end, but more research is needed.","volume":"16","author":"A Hoerauf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.02.005","article-title":"What is new in the Wolbachia\/Dirofilaria interaction?","volume":"133","author":"WJ Kozek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01399-5","article-title":"Neutrophil accumulation around Onchocerca worms and chemotaxis of neutrophils are dependent on Wolbachia endobacteria.","volume":"3","author":"NW Brattig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5687","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5687-5692.2004","article-title":"Wolbachia-induced neutrophil activation in a mouse model of ocular onchocerciasis (river blindness).","volume":"72","author":"I Gillette-Ferguson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5908","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00991-07","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 regulates CXC chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment to the cornea in Onchocerca volvulus\/Wolbachia-induced keratitis.","volume":"75","author":"I Gillette-Ferguson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000758","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T16:00:44Z","timestamp":1635782444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000758"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Scott Leslie","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000758","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.7489958.8605057","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.7489958.7784057","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]]}}}