{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:38:03Z","timestamp":1789472283312,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]],"date-time":"2011-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1307404800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T15:45:55Z","timestamp":1308325555000},"page":"e1158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Protection against Diarrhea Associated with Giardia intestinalis Is Lost with Multi-Nutrient Supplementation: A Study in Tanzanian Children"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jacobien","family":"Veenemans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Mank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Ottenhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrish","family":"Baidjoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erasto V.","family":"Mbugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse Y.","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos P. M.","family":"Wielders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huub F. J.","family":"Savelkoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Verhoef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.67","article-title":"Waterborne protozoan pathogens.","volume":"10","author":"MM Marshall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Micr Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.37.277","article-title":"Epidemiology of <italic>Giardia lamblia<\/italic> infection in children: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in urban and rural communities in Zimbabwe.","volume":"37","author":"PR Mason","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.544","article-title":"Natural history of <italic>Giardia lamblia<\/italic> and <italic>Cryptosporidium<\/italic> infections in a cohort of Israeli Bedouin infants: a study of a population in transition.","volume":"57","author":"D Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.07.024","article-title":"Intestinal helminths and protozoa in children in pre-schools in Kafue district, Zambia.","volume":"104","author":"J Siwila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/43.3.395","article-title":"Natural history of Giardia infection of infants and children in rural Guatemala and its impact on physical growth.","volume":"43","author":"MJ Farthing","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02752345","article-title":"Role of protozoa as risk factors for persistent diarrhea.","volume":"66","author":"N Bhandari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00757.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of <italic>Giardia lamblia<\/italic> infection in north-east Brazilian children.","volume":"6","author":"RD Newman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.12.4459-4462.2000","article-title":"Diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania: a case-control study.","volume":"38","author":"J Gascon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1086\/313722","article-title":"<italic>Giardia lamblia<\/italic> carriage in Israeli Bedouin infants: risk factors and consequences.","volume":"30","author":"D Fraser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn177","article-title":"Lack of an adverse effect of <italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/italic> infection on the health of Peruvian children.","volume":"168","author":"MG Hollm-Delgado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EJEP.0000040533.75646.9c","article-title":"Does co-infection with <italic>Giardia lamblia<\/italic> modulate the clinical characteristics of enteric infections in young children?","volume":"19","author":"N Bilenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.11.3458-3464.1999","article-title":"Case-control study of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh.","volume":"37","author":"MJ Albert","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1086\/597580","article-title":"Prospective case-control study of the association between common enteric protozoal parasites and diarrhea in Bangladesh.","volume":"48","author":"R Haque","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0367","article-title":"Case-control study of diarrheal disease etiology in a remote rural area in Western Thailand.","volume":"83 5","author":"L Bodhidatta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91131-2","article-title":"Rapid reinfection by <italic>Giardia lamblia<\/italic> after treatment in a hyperendemic Third World community.","volume":"331","author":"RH Gilman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114919","article-title":"Illness and reservoirs associated with <italic>Giardia lamblia<\/italic> infection in rural Egypt: the case against treatment in developing world environments of high endemicity.","volume":"127","author":"PS Sullivan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1986.11748415","article-title":"Giardiasis and the nutritional status of Zimbabwean schoolchildren.","volume":"6","author":"R Loewenson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822002000200002","article-title":"Relationship between protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin A, and parasitoses in children living in Bras\u00edlia.","volume":"35","author":"M Muniz-Junqueira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Soc Brasileira Med Trop"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/49.1.17","article-title":"Predictors and nutritional consequences of intestinal parasitic infections in rural Ecuadorian children.","volume":"49","author":"ME Sackey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.02.006","article-title":"Giardiasis as a predictor of childhood malnutrition in Orang Asli children in Malaysia.","volume":"99","author":"MS Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2010.229.234","article-title":"Effect of <italic>Giardia<\/italic> infection on nutritional status in primary schoolchildren, in northwest Iran.","volume":"13","author":"GH Ettehad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005007353","article-title":"Asymptomatic giardiasis and growth in young children; a longitudinal study in Salvador, Brazil.","volume":"131","author":"MS Prado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07744-9","article-title":"Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study.","volume":"359","author":"DS Berkman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Vitamins and mineral requirements in human nutrition, 2<sup>nd<\/sup> ed","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02447929","article-title":"Sensitivity of microscopy versus enzyme immunoassay in the laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis.","volume":"16","author":"TG Mank","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i18.2759","article-title":"Association of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection and giardiasis: results from a study of surrogate markers for fecal exposure among children.","volume":"11","author":"ED Moreira","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1086\/315887","article-title":"Inverse relationship between gastric colonization of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> and diarrheal illnesses in children: results of a population-based cross-sectional study.","volume":"182","author":"D Rothenbacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1086\/421705","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> and risk of gastro-enteritis.","volume":"190","author":"S Perry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1872-4","article-title":"The effects dihydroartemisinin on Giardia lamblia morphology and cell cycle in vitro.","volume":"107","author":"XF Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1086\/597581","article-title":"Intestinal protozoal parasites and diarrheal disease in Bangladesh.","volume":"48","author":"HD Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.50.1.243-249.1985","article-title":"Changes in intestinal fluid and mucosal immune responses to cholera toxin in <italic>Giardia muris<\/italic> infection and binding of cholera toxin to <italic>Giardia muris<\/italic> trophozoites.","volume":"50","author":"I Ljungstrom","year":"1985","journal-title":"Inf Immun"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004564","article-title":"The effects of iron forticifation on the gut microbiota in African children: a randomized controlled trial in Cote d&apos;Ivoire.","volume":"92","author":"MB Zimmermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.5.1452","article-title":"Elevated iron status increases bacterial invasion and survival and alters cytokine\/chemokine mRNA expression in Caco-2 human intestinal cells.","volume":"131","author":"SL Foster","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1086\/588476","article-title":"Impact of lactoferrin supplementation on growth and prevalence of <italic>Giardia<\/italic> colonization in children.","volume":"46","author":"TJ Ochea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Inf Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7373.1142","article-title":"Effect of iron supplementation on incidence of infectious illness in children: systematic review.","volume":"325","author":"T Gera","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,20]],"date-time":"2020-06-20T02:19:20Z","timestamp":1592619560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001158"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Eichinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]]}}}