{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:21:35Z","timestamp":1791102095016,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]],"date-time":"2011-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312243200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]],"date-time":"2011-08-02T20:39:53Z","timestamp":1312317593000},"page":"e1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Secondary Buruli Ulcer Skin Lesions Emerging Several Months after Completion of Chemotherapy: Paradoxical Reaction or Evidence for Immune Protection?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se","family":"Ruf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Chauty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambroise","family":"Adeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Ardant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugues","family":"Koussemou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roch Christian","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Pluschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200004000-00003","article-title":"Buruli ulcer.","volume":"13","author":"MR Evans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020108","article-title":"Buruli ulcer (M. ulcerans infection): new insights, new hope for disease control.","volume":"2","author":"PDR Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.06.006","article-title":"Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection).","volume":"102","author":"DS Walsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.","author":"K Asiedu","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1864","article-title":"Contiguous spread of Mycobacterium ulcerans in Buruli ulcer lesions analysed by histopathology and real-time PCR quantification of mycobacterial DNA.","volume":"208","author":"S Rondini","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3109\/00313028509084759","article-title":"The pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.","volume":"17","author":"J Hayman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans toxic macrolide, mycolactone modulates the host immune response and cellular location of M. ulcerans in vitro and in vivo. Cell.","volume":"7","author":"S Adusumilli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5403.854","article-title":"Mycolactone: a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence.","volume":"283","author":"KM George","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"91","article-title":"Uptake and cellular actions of mycolactone, a virulence determinant for Mycobacterium ulcerans. Microb.","volume":"34","author":"DS Snyder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pathog"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.08.005","article-title":"A Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin, mycolactone, induces apoptosis in primary human keratinocytes and in HaCaT cells.","author":"C Bozzo","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Modulation of the host immune response by a transient intracellular stage of Mycobacterium ulcerans: the contribution of endogenous mycolactone toxin. Cell.","volume":"7","author":"E Coutanceau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"977","article-title":"Evidence for an intramacrophage growth phase of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Infect.","volume":"75","author":"E Torrado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immun"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010119","article-title":"Buruli ulcer in Ghana: results of a national case search.","volume":"8","author":"G Amofah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01339.x","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: role of age and gender in incidence and morbidity.","volume":"9","author":"M Debacker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01791.x","article-title":"Survival of Mycobacterium ulcerans at 37 degrees C.","volume":"13","author":"M Eddyani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02971-06","article-title":"Development and application of two multiplex real-time PCR assays for the detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in clinical and environmental samples.","volume":"73","author":"JAM Fyfe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.794-797.2003","article-title":"Analysis of an IS2404-based nested PCR for diagnosis of Buruli ulcer disease in regions of Ghana where the disease is endemic.","volume":"41","author":"Y Stienstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01842-08","article-title":"Sensitivity of PCR targeting Mycobacterium ulcerans by use of fine-needle aspirates for diagnosis of Buruli ulcer.","volume":"47","author":"RO Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00301-07","article-title":"Primary culture of Mycobacterium ulcerans from human tissue specimens after storage in semisolid transport medium.","volume":"46","author":"M Eddyani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000002","article-title":"Development of highly organized lymphoid structures in Buruli ulcer lesions after treatment with rifampicin and streptomycin.","volume":"1","author":"D Sch\u00fctte","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.46.1.5","article-title":"Out of Africa: observations on the histopathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.","volume":"46","author":"J Hayman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020485","article-title":"Histopathologic features of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.","volume":"9","author":"J Guarner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.04.009","article-title":"The surgical management of lesions of ulcerans infections due to Mycobacterium ulcerans, revisited.","volume":"103","author":"AJ Radford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70464-9","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: control, diagnosis, and treatment.","volume":"6","author":"V Sizaire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3182-3186.2005","article-title":"Efficacy of the combination rifampin-streptomycin in preventing growth of Mycobacterium ulcerans in early lesions of Buruli ulcer in humans. Antimicrob.","volume":"49","author":"S Etuaful","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Provisional guidance on the role of specific antibiotics in the managment of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease.","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00175-07","article-title":"Promising Clinical Efficacy of Streptomycin-Rifampin Combination for Treatment of Buruli Ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease). Antimicrob.","volume":"51","author":"A Chauty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61962-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment for early, limited Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"375","author":"WA Nienhuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e736","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000736","article-title":"Response to treatment in a prospective cohort of patients with large ulcerated lesions suspected to be Buruli Ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans disease).","volume":"4","author":"K Kibadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00299-10","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of combination of rifampin and streptomycin for treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease. Antimicrob.","volume":"54","author":"FS Sarfo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"230","article-title":"[Relapses after surgical treatment of Buruli ulcer in Africa].","volume":"99","author":"AK Kibadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559802800208","article-title":"Effectiveness of excision of pre-ulcerative Buruli lesions in field situations in a rural district in Ghana.","volume":"28","author":"G Amofah","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"406","article-title":"[Recurrence after surgical treatment of Buruli ulcer in Cote d'Ivoire].","volume":"96","author":"JM Kanga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1008.030886","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in rural hospital, Southern Benin, 1997-2001.","volume":"10","author":"M Debacker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0617","article-title":"Severe multifocal form of buruli ulcer after streptomycin and rifampin treatment: comments on possible dissemination mechanisms.","volume":"83","author":"GE Sopoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.62-65.2004","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination as prophylaxis against Mycobacterium ulcerans osteomyelitis in Buruli ulcer disease.","volume":"72","author":"F Portaels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304083281405","article-title":"Brief report: disseminated osteomyelitis from Mycobacterium ulcerans after a snakebite.","volume":"328","author":"M Hofer","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1086\/377170","article-title":"Buruli ulcer: a systemic disease.","volume":"37","author":"N Pszolla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1985.tb01819.x","article-title":"Clinical features of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.","volume":"26","author":"J Hayman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08879.x","article-title":"Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the course of rifampicin and streptomycin chemotherapy in Buruli ulcer lesions.","volume":"160","author":"D Sch\u00fctte","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb03313.x","article-title":"\u201cParadoxical\u201d immune-mediated reactions to Mycobacterium ulcerans during antibiotic treatment: a result of treatment success, not failure.","volume":"191","author":"DP O'Brien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Buruli Ulcer.","author":"WHO","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/10520290400018021","article-title":"High resolution shadowing of Mycobacterium leprae.","volume":"79","author":"V Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biotechnic and Histochemistry"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070234","article-title":"Selective suppression of dendritic cell functions by Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin mycolactone.","volume":"204","author":"E Coutanceau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00254-06","article-title":"Use of the Immunodominant 18-Kilodalton Small Heat Shock Protein as a Serological Marker for Exposure to Mycobacterium ulcerans.","volume":"13","author":"D Diaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.2.387-391.2004","article-title":"Immunoglobulin M antibody responses to Mycobacterium ulcerans allow discrimination between cases of active Buruli ulcer disease and matched family controls in areas where the disease is endemic.","volume":"11","author":"DMN Okenu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0602.000208","article-title":"Serologic response to culture filtrate antigens of Mycobacterium ulcerans during Buruli ulcer disease.","volume":"6","author":"KM Dobos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1517\/14712590802631854","article-title":"Immunosuppression and treatment-associated inflammatory response in patients with Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer).","volume":"9","author":"D Sch\u00fctte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70026-8","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"M M\u00fcller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2010263281","article-title":"[Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome or IRIS].","volume":"26","author":"G Breton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci (Paris)"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"393","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.","volume":"28","author":"GW Beatty","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"257","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis.","volume":"93","author":"S Kiertiburanakul","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"240","article-title":"Lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces the production of tumour necrosis factor from human and murine macrophages.","volume":"76","author":"C Moreno","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.9.3348","article-title":"Induction of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor by mycobacterial proteins: the monocyte western blot.","volume":"87","author":"RS Wallis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-010-9369-x","article-title":"Haemophagocytic syndrome and paradoxical reaction to tuberculostatics after treatment with infliximab.","volume":"32","author":"A Troncoso Mari\u00f1o","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm World Sci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1086\/432807","article-title":"Systemic steroid treatment of paradoxical upgrading reaction in patients with lymph node tuberculosis.","volume":"41","author":"C Garcia Vidal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1086\/427941","article-title":"Paradoxical response to antituberculous therapy in infliximab-treated patients with disseminated tuberculosis.","volume":"40","author":"C Garcia Vidal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1086\/313731","article-title":"Paradoxical reaction syndrome complicating aural infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during therapy.","volume":"30","author":"A Safdar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-009-0109-6","article-title":"Buruli ulcer disease: prospects for a vaccine.","volume":"198","author":"K Huygen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,21]],"date-time":"2020-06-21T23:46:42Z","timestamp":1592783202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001252"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pamela L. C.","family":"Small","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]]}}}