{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:14:21Z","timestamp":1791036861953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313452800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T19:30:23Z","timestamp":1313523023000},"page":"e1291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Prevalence and Factors Associated with Leishmania infantum Infection of Dogs from an Urban Area of Brazil as Identified by Molecular Methods"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Wendel","family":"Coura-Vital","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Jos\u00e9","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanja Maria","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Mendes","family":"Roatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira","family":"Aguiar-Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levi Eduardo Soares","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Le\u00f4ncio","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Helena Franco","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Barbosa","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e2ngela","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives.","volume":"27","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Manual de vigil\u00e2ncia e controle da leishmaniose visceral, 1th ed. Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade, Bras\u00edlia.","author":"Brasil","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2008001200026","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in large Brazilian cities: challenges for control.","volume":"24","author":"CD Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00046-2","article-title":"The biology and control of phlebotomine sand flies.","volume":"17","author":"R Killick-Kendrick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90446-4","article-title":"Infectivity of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum to colonized Phlebotomus perniciosus.","volume":"88","author":"R Molina","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.01.010","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of canine visceral leishmaniosis in the Islamic Republic of Iran.","volume":"129","author":"M Mohebali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02347-4","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis: epidemiological risk and the experimental model.","volume":"18","author":"J Moreno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00351-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniosis in the endemic area of Montes Claros Municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.","volume":"111","author":"JC Franca-Silva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0259-z","article-title":"Serological screening confirms the re-emergence of canine leishmaniosis in urban and rural areas in Governador Valadares, Vale do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil.","volume":"100","author":"LC Malaquias","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.04.014","article-title":"Cross-sectional serological study of canine Leishmania infection in Fortaleza, Ceara state, Brazil.","volume":"155","author":"FC Rondon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1062","article-title":"Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o temporal e espacial da leishmaniose visceral em humanos e c\u00e3es em Belo Horizonte-MG, 1993 a 2007 [Temporal and spatial distribution of leishmaniasis in humans and dogs from Belo Horizonte-MG, 1993\u20132007].","volume":"62","author":"EGP Lopes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992009000200012","article-title":"American visceral leishmaniasis: disease control strategies in dracena microregion in alta paulista, SP, Brazil.","volume":"15","author":"LAZ D'Andrea","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822005000200004","article-title":"[Visceral leishmaniasis: a study on phlebotomine sand flies and canine infection in Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais].","volume":"38","author":"EM Monteiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.03.031","article-title":"Use of PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania species in naturally-infected dogs.","volume":"140","author":"HM de Andrade","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.560-563.2001","article-title":"Prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine leishmaniasis endemicity using PCR on several tissues and serology.","volume":"39","author":"L Solano-Gallego","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000200015","article-title":"Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using crude Leishmania and recombinant antigens as a diagnostic marker for canine visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"100","author":"EY Rosario","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.53","article-title":"Studies on control of visceral leishmaniasis: impact of dog control on canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Jacobina, Bahia, Brazil.","volume":"59","author":"DA Ashford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"419","article-title":"[Control of canine visceral leishmaniasis: comparison of results from a rapid elimination program of serum-reactive dogs using an immunoenzyme assay and slower elimination of serum-reactive dogs using filter paper elution indirect immunofluorescence].","volume":"31","author":"MD Braga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007363","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum by PCR, serology and cellular immune response in a cohort study of Brazilian dogs.","volume":"122","author":"RJ Quinnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.4.1318-1322.2006","article-title":"Incidence and time course of Leishmania infantum infections examined by parasitological, serologic, and nested-PCR techniques in a cohort of naive dogs exposed to three consecutive transmission seasons.","volume":"44","author":"G Oliva","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.022","article-title":"Directions for the diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis.","volume":"165","author":"L Solano-Gallego","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.04.001","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis - new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one.","volume":"24","author":"G Baneth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1086\/383281","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction using noninvasively obtained samples, for the detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in dogs.","volume":"189","author":"D Strauss-Ayali","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"777","article-title":"[Assessment of knowledge and preventive attitudes concerning visceral leishmaniasis in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil].","volume":"24","author":"BK Borges","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X28018","article-title":"Household structure and urban services: neglected targets in the control of visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"99","author":"CH Costa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892006001100002","article-title":"A case-control study of microenvironmental risk factors for urban visceral leishmaniasis in a large city in Brazil, 1999\u20132000.","volume":"20","author":"CD Oliveira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.393","article-title":"Peridomestic risk factors for canine leishmaniasis in urban dwellings: new findings from a prospective study in Brazil.","volume":"69","author":"ED Moreira Jr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"125","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis in the great Athens area, Greece.","volume":"3","author":"V Sideris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Urban parasitology: visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.","author":"MO Harhay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Percentual de positividade de Leishmaniose Visceral Canina, em Belo Horizonte, 2004 a 2008.","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Censo Demogr\u00e1fico 2000. Agregado por setores censit\u00e1rios dos resultados do universo.","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.02.001","article-title":"Isotype patterns of immunoglobulins: hallmarks for clinical status and tissue parasite density in Brazilian dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi.","volume":"112","author":"AB Reis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.","volume":"193","author":"OH Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761994000300032","article-title":"Use of molecular probes and PCR for detection and typing of Leishmania\u2013a mini-review.","volume":"89","author":"W Degrave","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.10.008","article-title":"PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (Leishmania) amazonensis causing American cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"90","author":"AC Volpini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata","author":"S Rabe-Hesketh","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.1.224","article-title":"The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach.","volume":"26","author":"CG Victora","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762006000100007","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis through spatial analysis, in Belo Horizonte municipality, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.","volume":"101","author":"C Margonari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002081","article-title":"Value of two PCR methods for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis and the detection of asymptomatic carriers.","volume":"125","author":"L Lachaud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.05.008","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: identification of Leishmania species by PCR-RFLP and quantification of parasite DNA by real-time PCR.","volume":"111","author":"PF Quaresma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761993000200011","article-title":"The subclinical form of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in dogs.","volume":"88","author":"GG Oliveira","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e584","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000584","article-title":"Control of visceral leishmaniasis in latin america-a systematic review.","volume":"4","author":"GA Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immune responses in dogs with inapparent natural <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> infection.","author":"W Coura-Vital","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822005000600002","article-title":"Risk factors for Leishmania chagasi infection in an urban area of Minas Gerais State.","volume":"38","author":"EC Moreno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2002000300012","article-title":"Spatial modeling using mixed models: an ecologic study of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Piaui State, Brazil.","volume":"18","author":"GL Werneck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.11.025","article-title":"Emerging trends in the seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis in the Madrid region (central Spain).","volume":"169","author":"R Galvez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.080969","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis in southeastern Spain.","volume":"15","author":"J Martin-Sanchez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652003000200005","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: assessment of risk factors.","volume":"45","author":"MA Cabrera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2003.00420.x","article-title":"Control of phlebotomine sandflies.","volume":"17","author":"B Alexander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.05.019","article-title":"Assessment of an optimized dog-culling program in the dynamics of canine Leishmania transmission.","volume":"122","author":"ED Moreira Jr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352009000500004","article-title":"Presen\u00e7a de animais associada ao risco de transmiss\u00e3o da leishmaniose visceral em humanos em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais [Animal presence and the risk for transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Belo Horizonte, Brazil].","volume":"61","author":"BKA Borges","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T20:59:04Z","timestamp":1638305944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001291"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001291","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]}}}