{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:22:01Z","timestamp":1790709721787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]],"date-time":"2012-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340064000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]],"date-time":"2012-06-19T21:15:51Z","timestamp":1340140551000},"page":"e1703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Evidence for Involvement of Th17 Type Responses in Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Gajendra Kumar","family":"Katara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasim Akhtar","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avninder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Salotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10178-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis.","volume":"354","author":"BL Herwaldt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives.","volume":"27","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00517-6","article-title":"Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis.","volume":"3","author":"EE Zijlstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1086\/505079","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis, or kala azar (KA): high incidence of refractoriness to antimony is contributed by anthroponotic transmission via post-KA dermal leishmaniasis.","volume":"194","author":"R Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.09.015","article-title":"Cure of antimony-unresponsive Indian post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis with oral miltefosine.","volume":"100","author":"S Sundar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5592","article-title":"IL-10 and TGF-beta-mediated susceptibility in Kala-azar and Post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis: the significance of amphotericin B in the control of <italic>Leishmania donovani<\/italic> infection in India.","volume":"179","author":"S Saha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"38","article-title":"Impact of amphotericin-B in the treatment of kala-azar on the incidence of PKDL in Bihar, India.","volume":"128","author":"CP Thakur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1179\/000349809X12554106963438","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) developing after treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with amphotericin B and miltefosine.","volume":"103","author":"D Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00468.x","article-title":"High levels of plasma IL-10 and expression of IL-10 by keratinocytes during visceral leishmaniasis predict subsequent development of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.","volume":"111","author":"S Gasim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199912)189:4<615::AID-PATH466>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Immunopathology of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL): T-cell phenotypes and cytokine profile.","volume":"189","author":"A Ismail","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1086\/506624","article-title":"Interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and IFN-gamma receptor 1 are the major immunological determinants associated with post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis.","volume":"194","author":"NA Ansari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03761.x","article-title":"Evidence for involvement of TNFR1 and TIMPs in pathogenesis of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.","volume":"154","author":"NA Ansari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.393","article-title":"Enhanced lesional Foxp3 expression and peripheral anergic lymphocytes indicate a role for regulatory T cells in Indian post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.","volume":"130","author":"S Ganguly","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001171","article-title":"Foxp3 and IL -10 expression correlates with parasite burden in lesional tissues of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients.","volume":"5","author":"GK Katara","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Neg Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061308","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17 are coexpressed by Th17 cells and cooperatively enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides.","volume":"203","author":"SC Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1613","article-title":"A critical function for transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin 23 and proinflammatory cytokines in driving and modulating human T(H)-17 responses.","volume":"9","author":"E Volpe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04037.x","article-title":"Translational mini-review series on Th17 cells: function and regulation of human T helper 17 cells in health and disease.","volume":"159","author":"SQ Crome","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"2379","article-title":"IL-17 and IL-22 are associated with protection against human kala azar caused by <italic>Leishmania donovani<\/italic>.","volume":"119","author":"MG Pitta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.1.5.12862","article-title":"IL-17 in protective immunity to intracellular pathogens.","volume":"1","author":"SA Khader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1086\/599380","article-title":"Interleukin 17 production among patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"200","author":"O Bacellar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010107","article-title":"Quantification of parasite load in clinical samples of leishmaniasis patients: IL-10 level correlates with parasite load in visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"5","author":"S Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(82)90118-X","article-title":"Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N] nitrate in biological fluids.","volume":"126","author":"LC Green","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0713598","article-title":"IL-17 promotes progression of cutaneous leishmaniasis in susceptible mice.","volume":"182","author":"SL Kostka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.10.011","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of Th17 cell differentiation.","volume":"19","author":"II Ivanov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3513","article-title":"IL-17 stimulates the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-beta and TNF-alpha, by human macrophages.","volume":"160","author":"DV Jovanovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2003.10.003","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase activation by interleukin-17.","volume":"15","author":"D Miljkovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s102380200017","article-title":"Macrophage chemotactic protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha induce nitric oxide release and enhance parasite killing in <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic>-infected human macrophages.","volume":"2","author":"O Brandonisio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2006.08.009","article-title":"Evidence of direct interactions between the CC-chemokines CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 and <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> promastigotes.","volume":"150","author":"K Roychoudhury","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(97)80100-8","article-title":"The CD40-CD154 system in anti-infective host defense.","volume":"9","author":"IS Grewal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1267","article-title":"Underproduction of interleukin-12 in susceptible mice during progressive leishmaniasis is due to decreased CD40 activity.","volume":"184","author":"FP Heinzel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1045","article-title":"Reciprocal CD40 signals through p38MAPK and ERK-1\/2 induce counteracting immune responses.","volume":"10","author":"RK Mathur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(88)91307-4","article-title":"Regulated expression of a gene encoding a nuclear factor, IRF-1, that specifically binds to IFN-beta gene regulatory elements.","volume":"54","author":"M Miyamoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80444-6","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor-1 is required for a T helper 1 immune response in vivo.","volume":"6","author":"M Lohoff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01252-07","article-title":"<italic>Leishmania major<\/italic> infection activates NF-kappaB and interferon regulatory factors 1 and 8 in human dendritic cells.","volume":"76","author":"A Jayakumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0276","article-title":"IRF-1 is an essential mediator in IFN-gamma-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of primary cultured hepatocytes.","volume":"257","author":"A Kano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.08.018","article-title":"Interleukin-17 family members and inflammation.","volume":"21","author":"JK Kolls","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60912-8","article-title":"The host response to <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> infection.","volume":"74","author":"W Solbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200940115","article-title":"Human mucosal leishmaniasis: neutrophils infiltrate areas of tissue damage that express high levels of Th17-related cytokines.","volume":"40","author":"VS Boaventura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00700.x","article-title":"Regulation of interleukin-12\/interleukin-23 production and the T-helper 17 response in humans.","volume":"226","author":"L Lyakh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(01)79002-5","article-title":"Regulation of interleukin-12 production in antigen-presenting cells.","volume":"79","author":"X Ma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071450","article-title":"Differential regulation of interleukin 12 and interleukin 23 production in human dendritic cells.","volume":"205","author":"F Gerosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132710","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 Cells.","volume":"27","author":"T Korn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003588","article-title":"IL-27 and IL-21 are associated with T cell IL-10 responses in human visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"186","author":"NA Ansari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03171.x","article-title":"Mixed inflammatory\/regulatory cytokine profile marked by simultaneous raise of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 and low frequency of tumour necrosis factor-alpha(+) monocytes are hallmarks of active human visceral Leishmaniasis due to <italic>Leishmania chagasi<\/italic> infection.","volume":"146","author":"V Peruhype-Magalhaes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2721","article-title":"TNF inhibition rapidly down-regulates multiple proinflammatory pathways in psoriasis plaques.","volume":"175","author":"AB Gottlieb","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071094","article-title":"Amelioration of epidermal hyperplasia by TNF-\u03b1 inhibition is associated with reduced Th17 responses.","volume":"204","author":"LC Zaba","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.11.008","article-title":"Circulating nitric oxide and C-reactive protein levels in Indian kala azar patients: correlation with clinical outcome.","volume":"122","author":"NA Ansari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00198-0","article-title":"Variations in the serum levels of soluble CD23, nitric oxide and IgE across the spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"88","author":"M Cabrera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03223.x","article-title":"Evaluation of localized and systemic immune responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by <italic>Leishmania tropica<\/italic>: interleukin-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and nitric oxide are major regulatory factors.","volume":"130","author":"R Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.09.014","article-title":"T helper 17 cells promote cytotoxic T cell activation in tumor immunity.","volume":"31","author":"N Martin-Orozco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2010.05.003","article-title":"Regulatory T cell frequency and modulation of IFN-gamma and IL-17 in active and latent tuberculosis.","volume":"90","author":"ND Marin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.11.008","article-title":"Increased Th17 cells are accompanied by FoxP3(+) Treg cell accumulation and correlated with psoriasis disease severity.","volume":"135","author":"L Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-12-25","article-title":"Activated IL-23\/IL-17 pathway closely correlates with increased Foxp3 expression in livers of chronic hepatitis B patients.","volume":"12","author":"Q Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000557","article-title":"Inflammatory effects of ex vivo human Th17 cells are suppressed by regulatory T cells.","volume":"185","author":"SQ Crome","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-008-9239-7","article-title":"Interplay between effector Th17 and regulatory T cells.","volume":"28","author":"A Awasthi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001703","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T19:59:57Z","timestamp":1687550397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001703"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Shaden","family":"Kamhawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001703","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]]}}}