{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:29:02Z","timestamp":1791329342303,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]],"date-time":"2012-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351123200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]],"date-time":"2012-10-25T21:34:56Z","timestamp":1351200896000},"page":"e1805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Agrochemicals against Malaria, Sleeping Sickness, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"Witschel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Rottmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"WHO-website. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/world_malaria_report_2011\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Aug 31."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60034-8","article-title":"Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis","volume":"379","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"69","article-title":"Artemisinin resistance in Cambodia? Trop. Med. Int","volume":"12","author":"H Noedl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9059","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802982105","article-title":"In silico activity profiling reveals the mechanism of action of antimalarials discovered in a high-throughput screen","volume":"105","author":"D Plouffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09107","article-title":"Thousands of chemical starting points for antimalarial lead identification","volume":"465","author":"FJ Gamo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09099","article-title":"Chemical genetics of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"465","author":"WA Guiguemde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001412","article-title":"Integrated dataset of screening hits against multiple neglected disease pathogens","volume":"5","author":"S Nwaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193225","article-title":"Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria","volume":"329","author":"M Rottmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"MMV-website. Available: http:\/\/www.mmv.org\/research-development\/science-portfolio<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Aug 31."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1021\/jm100410f","article-title":"Spirotetrahydro-carbolines (Spiroindolones): a new class of potent and orally efficacious compounds for the treatment of malaria","volume":"53","author":"BS Yeung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J of Med Chem"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1926","article-title":"First results of phase 3 trial of RTS,S\/AS01 malaria vaccine in African children","volume":"365","author":"ST Agnandji","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015762108","article-title":"Synthetic ozonide drug candidate OZ439 offers new hope for a single-dose cure of uncomplicated malaria","volume":"108","author":"SA Charman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000406","article-title":"A research agenda to underpin malaria eradication","volume":"Jan 25;8","author":"PL Alonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000333","article-title":"The burden of human african trypanosomiasis","volume":"2","author":"EM F\u00e8vre","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001007","article-title":"The human african trypanosomiasis control and surveillance programme of the world health organisation 2000\u20132009: The Way Forward","volume":"5","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61117-X","article-title":"Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a multicentre, randomised, phase III, non-inferiority trial","volume":"374","author":"G Priotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.03.004","article-title":"Antiprotozoal compounds: state of the art and new developments","volume":"38","author":"F Astelbauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"DNDi-website. Available: www.dndi.org\/diseases\/chagas\/current-treatment.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Aug 31."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327106het653oa","article-title":"Toxic side effects of drugs used to treat Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis)","volume":"25","author":"JA Castro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Human & Experimental Toxicology"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"WHO-website. Available: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/ghodata\/?vid=110001<\/ext-link> http:\/\/www.who.int\/tdr\/publications\/disease_watch\/leish\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Feb 8."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"WHO-website. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/leishmaniasis\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Aug 31."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"WHO-website. Available: www.dndi.org\/diseases\/vl\/current-treatment.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Aug 31."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2179","article-title":"Similarities between the discovery and regulation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides: in support of a better understanding of the risks and benefits of each","volume":"67","author":"CJ Swanton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pest Management Science"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2011.04.001","article-title":"Evaluation of carcinogenicity studies of medicinal products for human use authorised via the European centralised procedure (1995\u20132009)","volume":"60","author":"A Friedrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/157488606775252584","article-title":"Antimalarial drugs in pregnancy: a review","volume":"1","author":"F Nosten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Drug Safety"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.30.1740","article-title":"A survey of synthetic and natural phytotoxic compounds and phytoalexins as potential antimalarial compounds","volume":"30","author":"J Bajsa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03772.x","article-title":"Cultivation in a semi-defined medium of animal infective forms of Trypanosoma brucei, T. equiperdum, T. evansi, T. rhodesiense<\/italic> and T. gambiense<\/italic>","volume":"4","author":"T Baltz","year":"1985","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00079-X","article-title":"The Alamar Blue assay to determine drug sensitivity of African trypanosomes (T.b. rhodesiense<\/italic> and T.b. gambiense<\/italic>) in vitro","volume":"68","author":"B R\u00e4z","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90083-N","article-title":"A comparison of the three methods of estimating EC50<\/sub> in studies of drug resistance of malaria parasites","volume":"55","author":"W Huber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.11.2592","article-title":"Efficient technique for screening drugs for activity against Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> using parasites expressing beta-galactosidase,","volume":"40","author":"FS Buckner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1977.tb00987.x","article-title":"New culture medium for maintenance of tsetse tissues and growth of trypanosomatids","volume":"24","author":"I Cunningham","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(99)00020-3","article-title":"A simple colorimetric method to screen drug cytotoxicity against Leishmania<\/italic> using the dye Alamar Blue","volume":"48","author":"J Mikus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology International"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.04.007","article-title":"A Plasmodium berghei<\/italic> reference line that constituively expresses GFP at a high level throughout the complete life cycle","volume":"137","author":"B Franke-Fayard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4381","article-title":"Trypanosoma rangeli<\/italic>: killing of bloodstream forms in vitro<\/italic> and in vivo<\/italic> by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2","volume":"91","author":"S Scory","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e298","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000298","article-title":"RNA interference of Trypanosoma brucei<\/italic> cathepsin B and L affects disease progression in a mouse model","volume":"2","author":"MH Abdulla","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl505","article-title":"TimeTree: A public knowledge-based of divergence times among organisms","volume":"22","author":"S Hedges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Tree of Life-website. Available: http:\/\/tolweb.org\/tree\/phylogeny.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Aug 31."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20165","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of artesunate in the rat: comparison to other artemisinins, comparison of embryotoxicity and kinetics by oral and intravenous routes, and relationship to maternal reticulocyte count","volume":"83","author":"RL Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research, Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20256","article-title":"Localization of artesunate and its derivatives in the pregnant rat and fetus following oral administration and relationship to developmental toxicity","volume":"89","author":"RL Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research, Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658308990070","article-title":"Experimental assessment of the protective activity of diazepam on the acute toxicity of chloroquine","volume":"20","author":"J Crouzette","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"LD50<\/sub> data have been retrieved from the E-Pesticide Manual, V5.2, BCPC Publications 2011."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1705","article-title":"Mutations in the mitochondrial cytochrome b of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) confer cross-resistance between bifenazate and acequinocyl","volume":"65","author":"P Van Nieuwenhuyse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pest Management Science"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1021\/jm990002y","article-title":"Phenyl-methoxyacrylates: a new antimalarial pharmacophore","volume":"43","author":"J Alzeer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"ChEMBL-website. Available: https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/chemblntd<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Aug 31."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-3575(87)90096-4","article-title":"Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by hydramethylnon: a new amidinohydrazone insecticide","volume":"27","author":"JG Hollingshaus","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2011.09.047","article-title":"Molecular modeling study and synthesis of novel dicationic flexible triaryl guanidines and imidamides as antiprotozoal agents","volume":"46","author":"RK Arafa","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.08.020","article-title":"Cellular and molecular actions of dinitroaniline and phosphorothioamidate herbicides on Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic>: Tubulin as a specific antimalarial target","volume":"145","author":"BJ Fennell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"36","article-title":"Influence of the bioregulator tetcyclacis (BAS 106 W) on gibberellin biosynthesis and the hormonal status of plants","volume":"10","author":"W Rademacher","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proceedings - Plant Growth Regulation Society of America"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25582","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.133215","article-title":"Structural insights into inhibition of sterol 14a-demethylase in the human pathogen trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"285","author":"GI Lepesheva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327106het653oa","article-title":"Toxic side effects of drugs used to treat Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis","volume":"25","author":"JA Castro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Human & Experimental Toxicology"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"17","article-title":"Administration of benznidazole, a chemotherapeutic agent against Chagas' disease, to pregnant rats. Covalent binding of reactive metabolites to fetal and maternal proteins","volume":"272","author":"EGD De Toranzo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00391a014","article-title":"Synthesis and antifungal activity of new 1-vinylimidazoles","volume":"30","author":"M Ogata","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"357","article-title":"Bactericidal, protozoicidal, and fungicidal properties of thiolutin","volume":"2","author":"H Seneca","year":"1952","journal-title":"Antibiotics and Chemotherapy (Washington, D. C.)"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio806","article-title":"A clinical drug library screen identifies astemizole as an antimalarial agent","volume":"2","author":"CR Chong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Chemical Biology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0285.2006.00391.x","article-title":"Searching for new antimalarial therapeutics amongst known drugs","volume":"67","author":"JL Weisman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemical Biology & Drug Design"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001805","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T00:35:06Z","timestamp":1562286906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001805"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Pollastri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001805","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]]}}}