{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T20:30:58Z","timestamp":1776025858529,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]],"date-time":"2012-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351123200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]],"date-time":"2012-10-25T21:35:15Z","timestamp":1351200915000},"page":"e1874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Cytokine Responses to Novel Antigens in an Indian Population Living in an Area Endemic for Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Om Prakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmel B.","family":"Stober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhishek Kr.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenefer M.","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.6.1003","article-title":"New perspectives on a subclinical form of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"154","author":"R Badaro","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.639","article-title":"A prospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil","volume":"154","author":"R Badaro","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90393-X","article-title":"An urban outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Natal, Brazil","volume":"88","author":"SM Jeronimo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1086\/313697","article-title":"Natural history of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in Northeastern Brazil: long-term follow-up","volume":"30","author":"SM Jeronimo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001042","article-title":"Interferon-gamma release assay (modified Quantiferon) as a potential marker of infection for Leishmania donovani, a proof of concept study","volume":"5","author":"K Gidwani","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001284","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections in high-endemic foci in India and Nepal: a prospective study","volume":"5","author":"B Ostyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.909","article-title":"The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic leishmanial infection in a highly endemic Bangladeshi village","volume":"76","author":"C Bern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2673","article-title":"Why does immunity to parasites take so long to develop?","volume":"10","author":"M Yazdanbakhsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.07.004","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and the pathogenesis of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"S Nylen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1592","article-title":"Multifunctional TH1 cells define a correlate of vaccine-mediated protection against Leishmania major","volume":"13","author":"PA Darrah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2517","article-title":"IL-10 from regulatory T cells determines vaccine efficacy in murine <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic> infection","volume":"175","author":"C Stober","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737660","article-title":"Intradermal NKT cell activation during DNA priming in heterologous prime-boost vaccination enhances T cell responses and protection against Leishmania","volume":"38","author":"B Dondji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1009","article-title":"A CD4(+) T-cell immune response to a conserved epitope in the circumsporozoite protein correlates with protection from natural Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease","volume":"10","author":"WH Reece","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702001000400008","article-title":"Successful use of a defined antigen\/GM-CSF adjuvant vaccine to treat mucosal Leishmaniasis refractory to antimony: A case report","volume":"5","author":"R Badaro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03128-7","article-title":"Autoclaved Leishmania major vaccine for prevention of visceral leishmaniasis: a randomised, double-blind, BCG-controlled trial in Sudan","volume":"356","author":"EA Khalil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.084","article-title":"Efficacy of killed whole-parasite vaccines in the prevention of leishmaniasis: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"S Noazin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/15.4.572","article-title":"Controlled field trials of a vaccine against New World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"CM Antunes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03128-7","article-title":"Autoclaved Leishmania major vaccine for prevention of visceral leishmaniasis: a randomised, double-blind, BCG-controlled trial in Sudan","volume":"356","author":"EA Khalil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90159-7","article-title":"A field trial of a vaccine against American dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"73","author":"W Mayrink","year":"1979","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00220-5","article-title":"A randomised, double-blind, controlled trial of a killed L. major vaccine plus BCG against zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran","volume":"17","author":"AZ Momeni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09552-X","article-title":"Randomised vaccine trial of single dose of killed Leishmania major plus BCG against anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bam, Iran","volume":"351","author":"I Sharifi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00143-12","article-title":"Reassessment of immune correlates in human visceral leishmaniasis as defined by cytokine release in whole blood","volume":"19","author":"OP Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112680","article-title":"The genome of the kinetoplastid parasite, Leishmania major","volume":"309","author":"AC Ivens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.12.012","article-title":"From genome to vaccines for leishmaniasis: screening 100 novel vaccine candidates against murine Leishmania major infection","volume":"24","author":"CB Stober","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.139.9.3118","article-title":"Vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis in a murine model. II. Immunologic properties of protective and nonprotective subfractions of soluble promastigote extract","volume":"139","author":"P Scott","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"76","article-title":"Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid","volume":"150","author":"PK Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"anal Bio Chem"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Cytokine responses to novel antigens in a peri-urban population in Brazil exposed to <italic>Leishmania infantum chagasi<\/italic>","author":"CB Stober","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.4.853","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) in human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"163","author":"M Barral-Netto","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061141","article-title":"Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4+CD25+ (Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"204","author":"S Nylen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01490-06","article-title":"Heterologous priming-boosting with DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing tryparedoxin peroxidase promotes long-term memory against Leishmania major in susceptible BALB\/c Mice","volume":"75","author":"CB Stober","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.02.009","article-title":"Protective vaccination against experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis using a combination of DNA and protein immunization with cysteine proteinases type I and II of L. infantum","volume":"23","author":"S Rafati","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900265","article-title":"Immunization with the DNA-encoding N-terminal domain of proteophosphoglycan of Leishmania donovani generates Th1-type immunoprotective response against experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"183","author":"M Samant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1086\/430348","article-title":"A heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen using ORFF DNA and recombinant ORFF protein confers protective immunity against experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"191","author":"P Tewary","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.11.005","article-title":"The development and clinical evaluation of second-generation leishmaniasis vaccines","volume":"30","author":"MS Duthie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.02.096","article-title":"A clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the LEISH-F1+MPL-SE vaccine for use in the prevention of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"29","author":"J Chakravarty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1086\/322042","article-title":"Patterns and implications of naturally acquired immune responses to environmental and tuberculous mycobacterial antigens in northern Malawi","volume":"184","author":"GF Black","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"664","article-title":"Relationship between IFN-gamma and skin test responsiveness to Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPD in healthy, non-BCG-vaccinated young adults in Northern Malawi","volume":"5","author":"GF Black","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08353-8","article-title":"BCG-induced increase in interferon-gamma response to mycobacterial antigens and efficacy of BCG vaccination in Malawi and the UK: two randomised controlled studies","volume":"359","author":"GF Black","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116570","article-title":"Interleukin 10 production correlates with pathology in human Leishmania donovani infections","volume":"92","author":"HW Ghalib","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5592","article-title":"IL-10- and TGF-beta-mediated susceptibility in kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: the significance of amphotericin B in the control of Leishmania donovani infection in India","volume":"179","author":"S Saha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112209","article-title":"Absence of gamma interferon and interleukin 2 production during active visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"76","author":"EM Carvalho","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7620","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.11.7620-7628.2005","article-title":"IL-4 and IL-10 collude in vaccine failure for novel exacerbatory antigens in murine <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic> infection","volume":"73","author":"MTM Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1204","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001204","article-title":"TLR1\/2 activation during heterologous prime-boost vaccination (DNA-MVA) enhances CD8+ T Cell responses providing protection against Leishmania (Viannia)","volume":"5","author":"A Jayakumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5286","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.5286-5289.2005","article-title":"Prime-boost vaccination using the LACK antigen protects against murine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"73","author":"B Dondji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(88)90067-1","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: The prospects for a killed vaccine","volume":"4","author":"CL Greenblatt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.7.1137","article-title":"Vaccination with DNA encoding the immunodominant LACK parasite antigen confers protective immunity to mice infected with <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic>","volume":"186","author":"S Gurunathan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.566","article-title":"Evaluation of leishmanin skin test in Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"80","author":"K Gidwani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.03.006","article-title":"Second-generation vaccines against leishmaniasis","volume":"21","author":"RN Coler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001874","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T11:06:19Z","timestamp":1687777579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001874"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Edgar M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001874","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]]}}}