{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:44:30Z","timestamp":1777430670276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]],"date-time":"2012-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355356800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]],"date-time":"2012-12-13T21:57:56Z","timestamp":1355435876000},"page":"e1972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Severe Anemia in Papua New Guinean Children from a Malaria-Endemic Area: A Case-Control Etiologic Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Laurens","family":"Manning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Laman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rosanas-Urgell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Michon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Aipit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Bona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Siba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy M. E.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072727","article-title":"Severe anemia in Malawian children","volume":"358","author":"JC Calis","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-238.x","article-title":"Severe anaemia in children living in a malaria endemic area of Kenya","volume":"2","author":"CR Newton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.636S","article-title":"An analysis of anemia and child mortality","volume":"131","author":"BJ Brabin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199712000-00013","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of severely anemic children in Kenya: the effect of transfusion on mortality and hematologic recovery","volume":"11","author":"EM Lackritz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04643-2","article-title":"Intermittent treatment for malaria and anaemia control at time of routine vaccinations in Tanzanian infants: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"357","author":"D Schellenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04229-3","article-title":"Randomised placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis for prevention of severe anaemia and malaria in Tanzanian infants","volume":"350","author":"C Menendez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2006) Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993\u20132005. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1998) Guidelines for the use of iron supplements to prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1086\/505082","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection contributes to severe anemia in young children in Papua New Guinea","volume":"194","author":"J Wildig","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-26","article-title":"Severe anaemia is not associated with HIV-1 env gene characteristics in Malawian children","volume":"8","author":"JC Calis","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1086\/507430","article-title":"Promoter polymorphism of the anion-exchange protein 1 associated with severe malarial anemia and fatality","volume":"194","author":"V von Kalckreuth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-88","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection and severe anaemia in Kenyan children: a retrospective case control study","volume":"10","author":"J Wildig","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1999.tb01892.x","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection does not contribute significantly to severe anaemia in children with malaria in Malawi","volume":"63","author":"J Yeats","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e669","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000669","article-title":"Chloroquine and its derivatives exacerbate B19V-associated anemia by promoting viral replication","volume":"4","author":"C Bonsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050128","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant <italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/italic> associated with severe and fatal malaria: a prospective study in Papua, Indonesia","volume":"5","author":"E Tjitra","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.614","article-title":"Factors contributing to anemia after uncomplicated falciparum malaria","volume":"65","author":"RN Price","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.997","article-title":"The risk of malarial infections and disease in Papua New Guinean children","volume":"76","author":"P Michon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.3","article-title":"The epidemiology of malaria in a population surrounding Madang, Papua New Guinea","volume":"35","author":"JA Cattani","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (2010) Global Report Fact Sheet - Oceania. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/papuanewguinea\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/papuanewguinea\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Aug."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e932","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000932","article-title":"Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in papua new guinean children: the cost of continuing inadequate measles vaccine coverage","volume":"5","author":"L Manning","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029203","article-title":"Features and prognosis of severe malaria caused by <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic>, <italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/italic> and mixed <italic>Plasmodium<\/italic> species in Papua New Guinean children","volume":"6","author":"L Manning","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011) Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Paediatrics Society of PNG (2005) Standard Treatment for common illnesses of children in PNG. 8th edition."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2009) AnthroPlus for personal computers manual: Software for assessing growth of the world&apos;s children and adolescents. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Shann F, Biddulph J, Vince J (2003) Paediatrics for Doctors in Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Department of Health."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.965","article-title":"Haptoglobin levels are associated with haptoglobin genotype and alpha+ -Thalassemia in a malaria-endemic area","volume":"74","author":"H Imrie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.24.11022","article-title":"Deletion in erythrocyte band 3 gene in malaria-resistant Southeast Asian ovalocytosis","volume":"88","author":"P Jarolim","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"149","article-title":"Glycophorin C delta(exon3) is not associated with protection against severe anaemia in Papua New Guinea","volume":"51","author":"L Tavul","year":"2008","journal-title":"PNG Med J"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.9.4939","article-title":"Quantitative alleles of CR1: coding sequence analysis and comparison of haplotypes in two ethnic groups","volume":"163","author":"L Xiang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2011) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin D (1987) Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honaker J, King G, Blackwell M (2010) Amelia II: A Program for Missing Data.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i07"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Raemsch C (2010) pARccs: Estimation of attributable and partial attributable risks (AR and PAR) and visualization of attributable risks from case-control data. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=pARccs\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=pARccs<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Aug."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2008.10.006","article-title":"Point and interval estimation of partial attributable risks from case-control data using the R-package \u2018pARccs\u2019","volume":"94","author":"C Raemsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"623","article-title":"The anemia of inflammation. A common cause of childhood anemia","volume":"43","author":"TC Abshire","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000173","article-title":"The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia","volume":"3","author":"SM Fishman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-134","article-title":"Malaria and vitamin A deficiency in African children: a vicious circle?","volume":"8","author":"MA Sanjoaquin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601320","article-title":"The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"56","author":"RD Semba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009047","article-title":"Differential patterns of infection and disease with <italic>P. falciparum<\/italic> and <italic>P. vivax<\/italic> in young Papua New Guinean children","volume":"5","author":"E Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-41","article-title":"High sensitivity detection of <italic>Plasmodium<\/italic> species reveals positive correlations between infections of different species, shifts in age distribution and reduced local variation in Papua New Guinea","volume":"8","author":"I Mueller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1086\/599041","article-title":"Vivax malaria: a major cause of morbidity in early infancy","volume":"48","author":"JR Poespoprodjo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2004.01.002","article-title":"Anemia in the critically ill","volume":"20","author":"A Shander","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200008000-00079","article-title":"Anemia of the critically ill: \u201cacute\u201d anemia of chronic disease","volume":"28","author":"HL Corwin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2009.1.87","article-title":"Malaria, erythrocytic infection, and anemia","author":"K Haldar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.504","article-title":"Effect of <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> parasitemia density on hemoglobin concentrations among full-term, normal birth weight children in western Kenya, IV. The Asembo Bay Cohort Project","volume":"62","author":"PD McElroy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90406-X","article-title":"The interaction between <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> and <italic>P. vivax<\/italic> in children on Espiritu Santo island, Vanuatu","volume":"90","author":"K Maitland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2010.01238.x","article-title":"Robert Koch redux: malaria immunology in Papua New Guinea","volume":"32","author":"DI Stanisic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90066-3","article-title":"The epidemiology of severe malaria in an area of low transmission in Thailand","volume":"91","author":"C Luxemburger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01061-2","article-title":"<italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/italic> and <italic>P. falciparum<\/italic>: Biological interactions and the possibility of cross-species immunity","volume":"13","author":"K Maitland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology today"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5454.845","article-title":"Cross-species interactions between malaria parasites in humans","volume":"287","author":"MC Bruce","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2174\/156652406776055221","article-title":"Clinical immunity to malaria","volume":"6","author":"L Schofield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-4-56","article-title":"Bone marrow suppression and severe anaemia associated with persistent <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> infection in African children with microscopically undetectable parasitaemia","volume":"4","author":"M Helleberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.280","article-title":"Serum levels of erythropoietin in acute <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> malaria","volume":"54","author":"H Burgmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2004.118","article-title":"The evolution of the reference value concept","volume":"42","author":"R Grasbeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08293-2","article-title":"Effect of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity due to <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> in young children in Papua New Guinea: a randomised trial","volume":"354","author":"AH Shankar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-7-7","article-title":"Major reduction of malaria morbidity with combined vitamin A and zinc supplementation in young children in Burkina Faso: a randomized double blind trial","volume":"7","author":"AN Zeba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38670.639340.55","article-title":"Randomised study of effect of different doses of vitamin A on childhood morbidity and mortality","volume":"331","author":"CS Benn","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6874.366","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation in infectious diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"306","author":"PP Glasziou","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001195","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001195","article-title":"Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in Papua New Guinean infants exposed to <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> and <italic>P. vivax<\/italic>: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"N Senn","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001972","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:12:29Z","timestamp":1714727549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001972"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mehmet Ali","family":"Ozcel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001972","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]]}}}