{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:37:17Z","timestamp":1790743037742,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359590400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T21:48:45Z","timestamp":1359668925000},"page":"e2037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Towards an Understanding of the Function of the Phytochelatin Synthase of Schistosoma mansoni"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Coraline","family":"Rigouin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elyse","family":"Nylin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis A.","family":"Cogswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Schauml\u00f6ffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Dobritzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2011.02404.x","article-title":"Physiological characterization of cadmium-exposed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"34","author":"A Brautigam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135154","article-title":"Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis","author":"C Cobbett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annual review of plant biology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.11.6.1153","article-title":"Phytochelatin synthase genes from Arabidopsis and the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe","volume":"11","author":"SB Ha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-009-8565-4","article-title":"Phytochelatins: peptides involved in heavy metal detoxification","volume":"160","author":"R Pal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)00265-6","article-title":"Enhancement of tolerance to heavy metals and oxidative stress in Dunaliella tertiolecta by Zn-induced phytochelatin synthesis","volume":"293","author":"N Tsuji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(96)00422-2","article-title":"Heavy metal detoxification in higher plants\u2013a review","volume":"179","author":"MH Zenk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.048579","article-title":"Weeds, worms, and more. Papain's long-lost cousin, phytochelatin synthase","volume":"136","author":"PA Rea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.01.122","article-title":"Characterization of phytochelatin synthase-like protein encoded by alr0975 from a prokaryote, Nostoc sp. PCC 7120","volume":"315","author":"N Tsuji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2007.10.032","article-title":"cDNA cloning and expression analysis of Eisenia fetida (Annelida: Oligochaeta) phytochelatin synthase under cadmium exposure","volume":"71","author":"F Brulle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2001.02293.x","article-title":"Caenorhabditis elegans expresses a functional phytochelatin synthase","volume":"268","author":"S Clemens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1168","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001168","article-title":"Characterization of the phytochelatin synthase of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"5","author":"D Ray","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20817","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100152200","article-title":"A new pathway for heavy metal detoxification in animals. Phytochelatin synthase is required for cadmium tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"276","author":"OK Vatamaniuk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9329-x","article-title":"Cadmium stress: an oxidative challenge","volume":"23","author":"A Cuypers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505833102","article-title":"A papain-like enzyme at work: native and acyl-enzyme intermediate structures in phytochelatin synthesis","volume":"102","author":"D Vivares","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14686","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M314325200","article-title":"Domain organization of phytochelatin synthase: functional properties of truncated enzyme species identified by limited proteolysis","volume":"279","author":"R Ruotolo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22449","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313142200","article-title":"Phytochelatin synthase, a dipeptidyltransferase that undergoes multisite acylation with gamma-glutamylcysteine during catalysis: stoichiometric and site-directed mutagenic analysis of arabidopsis thaliana PCS1-catalyzed phytochelatin synthesis","volume":"279","author":"OK Vatamaniuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31451","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002997200","article-title":"Mechanism of heavy metal ion activation of phytochelatin (PC) synthase: blocked thiols are sufficient for PC synthase-catalyzed transpeptidation of glutathione and related thiol peptides","volume":"275","author":"OK Vatamaniuk","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02993.x","article-title":"Function of phytochelatin synthase in catabolism of glutathione-conjugates","volume":"49","author":"R Blum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2009.09.034","article-title":"Dissection of glutathione conjugate turnover in yeast","volume":"71","author":"J Wunschmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1445","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001445","article-title":"A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: basic research and enabling technologies to support control and elimination of helminthiases","volume":"6","author":"S Lustigman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328349156f","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: from drug deployment to drug development","volume":"24","author":"CR Caffrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"3595","article-title":"The redox biology of schistosome parasites and applications for drug development","volume":"18","author":"HH Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Thioredoxin glutathione reductase-dependent redox networks in platyhelminth parasites","author":"DL Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/03602530802602880","article-title":"Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and metabolism of anthelminthics in helminths","volume":"41","author":"V Cvilink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(89)90013-5","article-title":"The possible absence of cytochrome P-450 linked xenobiotic metabolism in helminths","volume":"992","author":"WY Precious","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00039-8","article-title":"Parasite sulphur amino acid metabolism","volume":"27","author":"J Walker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"MM Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M108254200","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the homo-phytochelatin synthase of soybean Glycine max: relation to phytochelatin synthase","volume":"277","author":"M Oven","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1901s28","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","author":"F lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Immunol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-006-0097-6","article-title":"Quantitative real-time RT-PCR data analysis: current concepts and the novel \u201cgene expression's CT difference\u201d formula","volume":"84","author":"JH Schefe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2011.03.001","article-title":"Whole mount in situ hybridization methodology for Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"178","author":"AA Cogswell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2008.11.007","article-title":"Towards an understanding of the mechanism of action of praziquantel","volume":"164","author":"AD Aragon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3970-7","article-title":"Rapid and simple UPLC-MS\/MS method for precise phytochelatin quantification in alga extracts","volume":"398","author":"A Brautigam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.082131","article-title":"Mutagenic definition of a papain-like catalytic triad, sufficiency of the N-terminal domain for single-site core catalytic enzyme acylation, and C-terminal domain for augmentative metal activation of a eukaryotic phytochelatin synthase","volume":"141","author":"ND Romanyuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2010.09.011","article-title":"Cadmium(II)-stimulated enzyme activation of Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase 1","volume":"105","author":"S Ogawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Inorg Biochem"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-003-1091-7","article-title":"Localization and functional characterization of metal-binding sites in phytochelatin synthases","volume":"218","author":"T Maier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(89)90080-X","article-title":"Xenobiotic metabolism in helminths","volume":"5","author":"WY Precious","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095857","article-title":"Glutathione transferases","volume":"45","author":"JD Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.1021\/pr9001806","article-title":"The metabolomic responses of Caenorhabditis elegans to cadmium are largely independent of metallothionein status, but dominated by changes in cystathionine and phytochelatins","volume":"8","author":"SL Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-4-32","article-title":"Linking toxicant physiological mode of action with induced gene expression changes in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"4","author":"S Swain","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Syst Biol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"M Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1994.0061","article-title":"Crystal structures of a schistosomal drug and vaccine target: glutathione S-transferase from Schistosoma japonica and its complex with the leading antischistosomal drug praziquantel","volume":"246","author":"MA McTigue","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1997.4231","article-title":"Schistosoma japonicum GSH S-transferase Sj26 is not the molecular target of praziquantel action","volume":"87","author":"JL Milhon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R122","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-6-r122","article-title":"Toxicogenomic analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans reveals novel genes and pathways involved in the resistance to cadmium toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Y Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.5.6.11425","article-title":"Regulatory networks of cadmium stress in plants","volume":"5","author":"G DalCorso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Signal Behav"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.2009.00249.x","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of heavy metal tolerance and evolution in invertebrates","volume":"16","author":"TKS janssens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Insect Science"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.02.007","article-title":"Transcription of genes involved in glutathione biosynthesis in the solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis exposed to metals","volume":"114\u2013115","author":"N Franchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.2081572.x","article-title":"Amino acid-dependent regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GSH1 gene by hydrogen peroxide","volume":"23","author":"DW Stephen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005929022061","article-title":"cDNA cloning and expression analysis of genes encoding GSH synthesis in roots of the heavy-metal accumulator Brassica juncea L.: evidence for Cd-induction of a putative mitochondrial gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase isoform","volume":"37","author":"HJ Schafer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-002-0821-6","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase (AtPCS1) by cadmium during early stages of plant development","volume":"215","author":"S Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.09.004","article-title":"Sulfur assimilation and glutathione metabolism under cadmium stress in yeast, protists and plants","volume":"29","author":"D Mendoza-Cozatl","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0237:GAIOTS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Gut-associated immunolocalization of the Schistosoma mansoni cysteine proteases, SmCL1 and SmCL2","volume":"87","author":"BJ Bogitsh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007002995","article-title":"Patterns of gene expression in schistosomes: localization by whole mount in situ hybridization","volume":"134","author":"GP Dillon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00011-8","article-title":"Nutritional adaptations to parasitism within the platyhelminthes","volume":"27","author":"DW Halton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009564","article-title":"Detoxification of multiple heavy metals by a half-molecule ABC transporter, HMT-1, and coelomocytes of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"5","author":"MS Schwartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T09:19:34Z","timestamp":1540286374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002037"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"John Pius","family":"Dalton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]}}}