{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:36:58Z","timestamp":1790815018779,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363219200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T19:30:55Z","timestamp":1363289455000},"page":"e2102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Human Taenia Solium Infections in Mbozi District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Gloria","family":"Mwanjali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Kihamia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deodatus Vitalis Conatus","family":"Kakoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faustin","family":"Lekule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Ngowi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Vang","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stig Milan","family":"Thamsborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arve Lee","family":"Willingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.2.137","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in developing countries","volume":"68","author":"DK Pal","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.09.005","article-title":"Geographical widespread of two lineages of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> due to human migrations: Can population genetic analysis strengthen this hypothesis?","volume":"9","author":"F Martinez-Hernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution: Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00064-0","article-title":"The control of human (neuro)cysticercosis: which way forward?","volume":"87","author":"D Engels","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.101253","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: some of the essentials","volume":"6","author":"HH Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000870","article-title":"A systematic review of the frequency of neurocysticercosis with a focus on people with epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"PC Ndimubanzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02401.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between cysticercosis and epilepsy in Africa","volume":"51","author":"F Quet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"WHO (2010) First report on neglected tropical diseases: working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical disease. Geneva. pp.172. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2010\/9789241564090_eng.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2010\/9789241564090_eng.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00052-4","article-title":"The current status of neurocysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa","volume":"87","author":"NA Mafojane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"9","article-title":"Porcine cysticercosis in northern Tanzania between 1985 and 1988","volume":"15","author":"GRM Nsengwa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tanzania Vet J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00051-2","article-title":"The emergence of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> cysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa as a serious agricultural problem and public health risk","volume":"87","author":"IK Phiri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1023\/B:TROP.0000026663.07862.2a","article-title":"A slaughter slab survey for extraintestinal porcine helminth infection in northern Tanzania","volume":"36","author":"HA Ngowi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.02.012","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of swine cysticercosis using ante-mortem and post-mortem examination tests in the southern highlands of Tanzania","volume":"139","author":"ME Boa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9708-x","article-title":"Prevalence of extra-intestinal porcine helminth infections and assessment of sanitary conditions of pig slaughter slabs in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania","volume":"43","author":"EM Mkupasi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01867.x","article-title":"Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in rural Tanzania. An imaging study","volume":"50","author":"AS Winkler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Financial efficiency of health and pig management education intervention in controlling porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu District, northern Tanzania","volume":"19","author":"HA Ngowi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livestock Res Rural Dev"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00037-7","article-title":"Distribution and density of cysticerci of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> by muscle groups and organs in naturally infected local finished pigs in Tanzania","volume":"106","author":"ME Boa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00056-1","article-title":"Human case management and treatment of cysticercosis","volume":"8","author":"TE Nash","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Daniel WW (1999) Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1995.11812968","article-title":"<italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> cysticercosis and human taeniasis in the Nsukka area of Enugu State, Nigeria","volume":"89","author":"DN Onah","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.2.e5","article-title":"A population-based study of access to immunization among urban Virginia children served by public, private, and military health care systems","volume":"101","author":"AL Morrow","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00196-X","article-title":"Sero-epidemiological study of <italic>Taenia saginata<\/italic> cysticercosis in Belgian cattle","volume":"88","author":"P Dorny","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"109","article-title":"Characterization and cloning of T24, a <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> antigen diagnostic for cysticercosis. Mol. Biochem","volume":"147","author":"K Hancock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2005.11.010","article-title":"Coproantigens in taeniasis and echinococcosis","volume":"55","author":"JC Allan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-938R.1","article-title":"Development of an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay using two baculovirus expressed recombinant antigens for diagnosis of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> taeniasis","volume":"93","author":"MZ Levine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90251-0","article-title":"Prevalence of cysticercosis in epileptics and members of their families in Burundi","volume":"91","author":"E Newell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans Royal Soc Trop Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.59","article-title":"Seroprevalence of human cysticercosis in Maputo, Mozambique","volume":"61","author":"M Vilhena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01000.x","article-title":"A seroepidemiological study of human cysticercosis in west Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"JP Nguekam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.55302.x","article-title":"Cysticercosis as a Major Risk Factor for Epilepsy in Burundi, East Africa","volume":"44","author":"G Nsengiyumva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.05.003","article-title":"Old focus of cysticercosis in a Senegalese village revisited after half a century","volume":"119","author":"A Secka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.06.004","article-title":"High prevalence of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> cysticercosis in a village community of Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"41","author":"K Kanobana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00053-6","article-title":"Regional status, epidemiology and impact of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> cysticercosis in western and central Africa","volume":"87","author":"A Zoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2007-22","article-title":"High prevalence of cysticercosis in a rural village in western India","volume":"36","author":"SH Vora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.268","article-title":"Hyper endemic human and porcine <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> infection in Per\u00fa","volume":"68","author":"HH Garc\u00eda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.677","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> taeniasis and cysticercosis in humans and pigs in a village in Morelos, Mexico","volume":"46","author":"E Sarti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1934","article-title":"Calcific neurocysticercosis and epileptogenesis","volume":"62","author":"TE Nash","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"229","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: association between seizures, serology, and brain CT in rural Peru","volume":"65","author":"SM Montano","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e562","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000562","article-title":"Accuracy of serological testing for the diagnosis of prevalent neurocysticercosis in outpatients with epilepsy, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"3","author":"H Foyaca-Sibat","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2012.07.009","article-title":"Prevalence of active epilepsy in rural Tanzania: A large community-based survey in an adult population","volume":"21","author":"E Hunter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.352","article-title":"Field trial of the coproantigen-based diagnosis of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> taeniasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"54","author":"JC Allan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.282","article-title":"Epidemiology of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> taeniasis and cysticercosis in two rural Guatemalan communities","volume":"55","author":"J Garcia-Noval","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00339-09","article-title":"Multiantigen print immunoassay for comparison of diagnostic antigens for <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> cysticercosis and taeniasis","volume":"17","author":"S Handali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"e1185","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of people with epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in Tanzania: clinical characteristics and diagnostic approaches","volume":"5","author":"J Blocher","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS NTD"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"196","article-title":"Knowledge and practices related to <italic>T. solium<\/italic> cysticercosis-taeniasis among smallholder farmers in selected villages in Kilolo District in Iringa Region in southern highlands of Tanzania","volume":"3","author":"AF Maridadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000817","article-title":"<italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> cysticercosis in the Democratic Republic of Congo: how does pork trade affect the transmission of the parasite?","volume":"4","author":"N Praet","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Porcine cysticercosis in southeast Uganda: Seroprevalence in Kamuli and Kaliro Districts","volume":"10","author":"C Waiswa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/514","article-title":"Palpable lingual cysts, a possible indicator of porcine cysticercosis, in Teso District, Western Kenya","volume":"15","author":"FK Mutua","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.02.030","article-title":"Prevalence of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> porcine cysticercosis in the Eastern, Southern and Western provinces of Zambia","volume":"176","author":"CS Sikasunge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000594","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in Ang\u00f3nia District, Mozambique","volume":"4","author":"A Pondja","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00161-9","article-title":"An epidemiological study of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> cysticercosis in a rural population in the Bolivian Chaco","volume":"80","author":"J Carrique-Mas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.07.007","article-title":"Age-related infection and transmission patterns of human cysticercosis","volume":"40","author":"N Praet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"35","article-title":"Current status of cysticercosis in Vietnam","volume":"34","author":"AL Willingham III","year":"2003","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209033271004","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis in an Orthodox Jewish community in New York City","volume":"327","author":"PM Schantz","year":"1992","journal-title":"New Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00373.x","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> cysticercosis and <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> taeniasis in California, USA","volume":"11","author":"C DeGiorgio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000400014","article-title":"Use of the paired samples (cerebrospinal fluid and serum) in immunodiagnostic of active and inactive human neurocysticercosis","volume":"100","author":"IS da Costa Barcelos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2005.43.4.135","article-title":"A seroepidemiological survey of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> cysticercosis in Nabo, Guangxi Zhan Autonomous Region, China","volume":"43","author":"JY Chung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001152","article-title":"Clinical manifestations associated with neurocysticercosis: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"H Carabin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e831","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000831","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis may no longer be a public health problem in Mexico","volume":"4","author":"A Flisser","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1851","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001851","article-title":"Added value of antigen ELISA in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis in resource poor settings","volume":"6","author":"S Gabri\u00ebl","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61381-6","article-title":"Epilepsy in poor regions of the world","volume":"380","author":"CR Newton","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T20:37:38Z","timestamp":1745959058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002102"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Malcolm K.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]]}}}