{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:04:23Z","timestamp":1792033463487,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]],"date-time":"2013-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]],"date-time":"2013-05-09T20:55:34Z","timestamp":1368132934000},"page":"e2213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Bayesian Geostatistical Modeling of Leishmaniasis Incidence in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dimitrios-Alexios","family":"Karagiannis-Voules","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo G. C.","family":"Scholte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz H.","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Utzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope","family":"Vounatsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"w13727","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: diagnosis, clinical management, treatment and control","volume":"142","author":"J Utzinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives","volume":"27","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"25","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation in Brazil","volume":"6","author":"WA Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Boletim Epidemiol\u00f3gico Paulista"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"WHO (2002) WHO The World Health Report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva: World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90223-8","article-title":"The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide","volume":"95","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90346-2","article-title":"Epidemiological surveys confirm an increasing burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-east Brazil","volume":"93","author":"SP Brand\u00e3o-Filho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2008001200024","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: trends and challenges","volume":"24","author":"ANS Maia-Elkhoury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652006000300007","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: revisiting paradigms of epidemiology and control","volume":"48","author":"F Dantas-Torres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"WHO (2007) Sixtieth World Health Assembly. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/events\/2007\/wha60\/en\/index.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/events\/2007\/wha60\/en\/index.html<\/ext-link>; accessed: 25 November 2012."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh001","article-title":"Spatial patterns of infant mortality in Mali: the effect of malaria endemicity","volume":"159","author":"A Gemperli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000048","article-title":"A world malaria map: <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> endemicity in 2007","volume":"6","author":"SI Hay","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023966","article-title":"Spatially explicit burden estimates of malaria in Tanzania: Bayesian geostatistical modeling of the malaria indicator survey data","volume":"7","author":"L Gosoniu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-160","article-title":"Mapping malaria risk among children in C\u00f4te d&apos;Ivoire using Bayesian geo-statistical models","volume":"11","author":"G Raso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005007432","article-title":"Spatial risk prediction and mapping of <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> infections among schoolchildren living in western C\u00f4te d&apos;Ivoire","volume":"131","author":"G Raso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.058933","article-title":"Use of Bayesian geostatistical prediction to estimate local variations in <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> infection in western Africa","volume":"87","author":"ACA Clements","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02440.x","article-title":"Spatial co-distribution of neglected tropical diseases in the East African great lakes region: revisiting the justification for integrated control","volume":"15","author":"ACA Clements","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1194","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001194","article-title":"Geostatistical model-based estimates of schistosomiasis prevalence among individuals aged \u226420 years in West Africa","volume":"5","author":"N Schur","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10260-012-0207-2","article-title":"Discussing the \u201cbig n problem\u201d","volume":"22","author":"G Jona Lasinio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat Methods Appl"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2008.00663.x","article-title":"Gaussian predictive process models for large spatial data sets","volume":"70","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2011.00777.x","article-title":"An explicit link between Gaussian fields and Gaussian Markov random fields: the stochastic partial differential equation approach","volume":"73","author":"F Lindgren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rue H, Held L (2005) Gaussian Markov Random Fields: Theory and Applications. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall\/CRC. 281 p.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203492024"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2008.00700.x","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models by using integrated nested Laplace approximations","volume":"71","author":"H Rue","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030295","article-title":"Climate cycles and forecasts of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a nonstationary vector-borne disease","volume":"3","author":"LF Chaves","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000176","article-title":"Social exclusion modifies climate and deforestation impacts on a vector-borne disease","volume":"2","author":"LF Chaves","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0218","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for the incidence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in a sub-Andean Zone of Colombia (Chaparral, Tolima)","volume":"82","author":"C Valderrama-Ardila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030241","article-title":"Predicting geographic variation in cutaneous leishmaniasis, Colombia","volume":"10","author":"RJ King","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601242","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/601242","article-title":"Leishmaniasis and climate change-case study: Argentina","volume":"2012","author":"OD Salom\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-121","article-title":"Geographical distribution of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and its phlebotomine vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"3","author":"PHF Shimabukuro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.5.982","article-title":"American cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeast Brazil: space-time clustering","volume":"28","author":"G Machado-Coelho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0378","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical changes in American tegumentary leishmaniasis in an area of <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> (<italic>Viannia<\/italic>) <italic>braziliensis<\/italic> transmission over a 20-year period","volume":"86","author":"L Jirmanus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2002000300012","article-title":"Spatial modeling using mixed models: an ecologic study of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Piau\u00ed State, Brazil","volume":"18","author":"GL Werneck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.844","article-title":"Diffusion and prediction of leishmaniasis in a large metropolitan area in Brazil with a Bayesian space-time model","volume":"20","author":"R Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Brasil Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade (2007) Manual de vigil\u00e2ncia da leishmaniose tegumentar Americana. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/portal.saude.gov.br\/portal\/arquivos\/pdf\/manual_lta_2ed.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/portal.saude.gov.br\/portal\/arquivos\/pdf\/manual_lta_2ed.pdf<\/ext-link>; accessed: 18 March 2013."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Brasil Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade (2007) Guia de vigil\u00e2ncia epidemiol\u00f3gica. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/portal.saude.gov.br\/portal\/arquivos\/pdf\/gve_7ed_web_atual.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/portal.saude.gov.br\/portal\/arquivos\/pdf\/gve_7ed_web_atual.pdf<\/ext-link>; accessed: 18 March 2013."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276","article-title":"Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"25","author":"RJ Hijmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (2011) MODIS subsetted land products, Collection 5."},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Environmental Systems Research Institute (2010) ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10."},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University (2000) Global subnational infant mortality rates."},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Wildlife Conservation WCS, Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) (2005) Last of the Wild Data Version 2, 2005 (LTW-2): Global Human Footprint Dataset (Geographic)."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (2005) Gridded Population of the World: Future Estimates (GPWFE)."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"R Core Team (2012) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.R-project.org\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.R-project.org<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013164120801","article-title":"On Bayesian model and variable selection using MCMC","volume":"12","author":"P Dellaportas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Comput"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008929526011","article-title":"WinBUGS - a Bayesian modelling framework: concepts, structure, and extensibility","volume":"10","author":"DJ Lunn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Comput"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Carlin BP, and Gelfand AE (2004) Hierarchical Modeling and Analysis for Spatial Data. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall\/CRC. 472 p.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203487808"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"1","article-title":"American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil-epidemiology in transformation","volume":"5","author":"J Pupo Nogueira Neto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00043-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"17","author":"SN Klaus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.94338","article-title":"Spatial analysis of eco-environmental risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southern Iran","volume":"5","author":"M Ali-Akbarpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.648","article-title":"Climatic and demographic determinants of American visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil using remote sensing technology for environmental categorization of rain and region influences on leishmaniasis","volume":"67","author":"RA Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.1.0680010","article-title":"Risk mapping of visceral leishmaniasis: the role of local variation in rainfall and altitude on the presence and incidence of kala-azar in eastern Sudan","volume":"68","author":"DE Elnaiem","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"931","article-title":"Analysis of visceral leishmaniasis reports by the capture-recapture method","volume":"41","author":"AN Maia-Elkhoury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1198\/073500104000000091","article-title":"Spatial modeling of house prices using normalized distance-weighted sums of stationary processes","volume":"22","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bus Econ Stat"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1198\/016214503000170","article-title":"Spatial modeling with spatially varying coefficient processes","volume":"98","author":"AE Gelfand","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32625","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032625","article-title":"Estimating the burden of malaria in Senegal: Bayesian zero-inflated binomial geostatistical modeling of the MIS 2008 data","volume":"7","author":"F Giardina","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T21:56:41Z","timestamp":1588975001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002213"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Reithinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]}}}