{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:34:23Z","timestamp":1791293663194,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]],"date-time":"2013-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371081600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]],"date-time":"2013-06-13T20:49:21Z","timestamp":1371156561000},"page":"e2252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Geographic Distribution, Age Pattern and Sites of Lesions in a Cohort of Buruli Ulcer Patients from the Map\u00e9 Basin of Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Martin W.","family":"Bratschi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Bolz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques C.","family":"Minyem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Grize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fid\u00e8le G.","family":"Wantong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Earnest","family":"Njih Tabah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se","family":"Ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Mou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djeunga","family":"Noumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alphonse","family":"Um Boock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Pluschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700600111","article-title":"A new mycobacterial infection in man","volume":"60","author":"P Maccallum","year":"1948","journal-title":"The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.060205","article-title":"Ongoing genome reduction in Mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"13","author":"S Rondini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-7-177","article-title":"Evolution of two distinct phylogenetic lineages of the emerging human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"7","author":"M K\u00e4ser","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-258","article-title":"On the origin of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of buruli ulcer","volume":"13","author":"KD Doig","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC genomics"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2008.09.021","article-title":"Buruli ulcer","volume":"27","author":"F Portaels","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.520","article-title":"Buruli ulcer disease in Cameroon rediscovered","volume":"70","author":"J Noeske","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.091859","article-title":"Geographic expansion of Buruli ulcer disease, Cameroon","volume":"17","author":"E Marion","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.013","article-title":"Risk factors for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection","volume":"14","author":"KH Jacobsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2010.09.006","article-title":"Buruli Ulcer: Advances in Understanding Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection","volume":"29","author":"DS Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatologic Clinics"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e911","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000911","article-title":"Ecology and transmission of Buruli ulcer disease: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"RW Merritt","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2000) Buruli ulcer Mycobacterium ulcerans<\/italic> infection. Available: http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/2000\/who_cds_cpe_gbui_2000.1.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 03 May 2012"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5403.854","article-title":"Mycolactone: a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence","volume":"283","author":"KM George","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012) Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) Fact sheet N\u00b0199. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs199\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 18 December 2012"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2004) Provisional guidance on the role of specific antibiotics in the management of Mycobacterium ulcerans<\/italic> disease (Buruli ulcer). Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/buruli\/information\/antibiotics\/en\/index.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed 03 May 2013"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"4","article-title":"Surgical Management of Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Four-Year Experience from Four Endemic Districts in Ghana","volume":"45","author":"E Adu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001334","article-title":"Histopathological changes and clinical responses of Buruli ulcer plaque lesions during chemotherapy: a role for surgical removal of necrotic tissue?","volume":"5","author":"M-T Ruf","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00833.x","article-title":"Yaws-a review of the last 50 years","volume":"39","author":"SL Walker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01513-1","article-title":"The endemic treponematoses","volume":"4","author":"GM Antal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01370.x","article-title":"Current status of leprosy: epidemiology, basic science and clinical perspectives","volume":"39","author":"K Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06322-3","article-title":"Leprosy","volume":"353","author":"RR Jacobson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00197-09","article-title":"Fine-needle aspiration, an efficient sampling technique for bacteriological diagnosis of nonulcerative Buruli ulcer","volume":"47","author":"M Eddyani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02971-06","article-title":"Development and application of two multiplex real-time PCR assays for the detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in clinical and environmental samples","volume":"73","author":"JAM Fyfe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-353-4_13","article-title":"Direct Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in Clinical Specimens and Environmental Samples","volume":"943","author":"CJ Lavender","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"US EPA National Center for Environmental Assessment WD, Moya J (n.d.) Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final). Available:http:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncea\/risk\/recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252#Download<\/ext-link>. Accessed 1 November 2012."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"National Institute of Statistics Republic of Cameroon (2012) Demographic and Health survey and Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey DHS-MICS 2011: Preliminary Report. Available: http:\/\/www.statistics-cameroon.org\/downloads\/EDS-MICS11\/DHSMICS_2011_preliminary_report.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 10 December 2012"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000367","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000367","article-title":"Hygiene, sanitation, and water: forgotten foundations of health","volume":"7","author":"J Bartram","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-9.x","article-title":"The public and domestic domains in the transmission of disease","volume":"1","author":"S Cairncross","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"The International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations (2012) Cameroon The History of Leprosy in this Country. Available: http:\/\/www.ilep.org.uk\/ilep-co-ordination\/leprosy-around-the-world\/africa\/cameroon\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 11 December 2012"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012) Weekly Epidemiological Record 18 May 2012, vol. 87, 20 (pp 189\u2013200). Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/wer\/2012\/wer8720\/en\/index.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed 11 December 2012."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010) First WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/2010report\/en\/index.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed 5 December 2012"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60581-9","article-title":"WHO plans new yaws eradication campaign","volume":"379","author":"J Maurice","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61624-3","article-title":"Single-dose azithromycin versus benzathine benzylpenicillin for treatment of yaws in children in Papua New Guinea: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial","volume":"379","author":"O Mitj\u00e0","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"46","article-title":"[Epidemiologicl aspects of Buruli ulcer in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire: results of a national survey]","volume":"94","author":"JM Kanga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010119","article-title":"Buruli ulcer in Ghana: results of a national case search","volume":"8","author":"G Amofah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.219","article-title":"Emergence of Buruli ulcer disease in the Daloa region of Cote d'Ivoire","volume":"52","author":"BJ Marston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90272-R","article-title":"Epidemiology of Buruli ulcer in Amansie West district, Ghana","volume":"87","author":"GK Amofah","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e466","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000466","article-title":"Prevalence of Buruli ulcer in Akonolinga health district, Cameroon: results of a cross sectional survey","volume":"3","author":"K Porten","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.311","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in a rural hospital in Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2002\u20132004","volume":"75","author":"DM Phanzu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"[Profile of Buruli ulcer treated at the National Reference Centre of Togo: a study of 119 cases.]","author":"B Saka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01990.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) at a treatment centre in Ghana: a retrospective analysis of laboratory results of clinically diagnosed cases","volume":"13","author":"E Mensah-Quainoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1751","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001751","article-title":"A case of cutaneous tuberculosis in a Buruli ulcer-endemic area","volume":"6","author":"MW Bratschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001228","article-title":"Laboratory confirmation of Buruli ulcer disease in Togo, 2007\u20132010","volume":"5","author":"G Bretzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0362","article-title":"Combining PCR with microscopy to reduce costs of laboratory diagnosis of buruli ulcer","volume":"85","author":"D Yeboah-Manu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1086\/429623","article-title":"Risk factors for Buruli ulcer disease (Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection): results from a case-control study in Ghana","volume":"40","author":"PL Raghunathan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01339.x","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: role of age and gender in incidence and morbidity","volume":"9","author":"M Debacker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1311.061369","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans in mosquitoes captured during outbreak of Buruli ulcer, southeastern Australia","volume":"13","author":"PDR Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2009.11.009","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunosenescence","volume":"104","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00746.x","article-title":"Susceptibility to development of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: review of possible risk factors","volume":"6","author":"Y Stienstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00254-06","article-title":"Use of the immunodominant 18-kiloDalton small heat shock protein as a serological marker for exposure to Mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"13","author":"D Diaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1460","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001460","article-title":"Sero-epidemiology as a tool to screen populations for exposure to Mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"6","author":"D Yeboah-Manu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"423","article-title":"Influence of human breath on selection of biting sites by Anopheles albimanus","volume":"10","author":"BG Knols","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"89","article-title":"Selection of biting sites by mosquitoes","volume":"200","author":"R De Jong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ciba Found Symp"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1570-7458.1998.00334.x","article-title":"Selection of biting sites on a human host by Anopheles gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis and An. quadriannulatus","volume":"87","author":"T Dekker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01964925","article-title":"Selection of biting sites on man by two malaria mosquito species","volume":"51","author":"R De Jong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1958.11685868","article-title":"The vertical distribution of Simulium damnosum bites on the human body","volume":"52","author":"BO DUKE","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"393","article-title":"Hashiguchi Y, De Coronel VV, Gomez Landires EA (n.d.) An epidemiological study of Leishmaniasis in a plantation \u00abcooperativa 23 de Febrero\u00bb newly established in Ecuador","volume":"33","journal-title":"Kiseichugaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"724","article-title":"Distribution of microfilariae of O. volvulus in the skin; its relation to the skin changes and to eye lesions and blindness","volume":"2","author":"WE KERSHAW","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.10087","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical features and diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans in an Australian population","volume":"196","author":"SC Boyd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32833c2209","article-title":"Recent advances in leprosy and Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection)","volume":"23","author":"DS Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.05.004","article-title":"Distribution of Buruli ulcer lesions over body surface area in a large case series in Ghana: uncovering clues for mode of transmission","volume":"99","author":"IC Hospers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.271","article-title":"Recent skin injuries in normal children","volume":"108","author":"J Labb\u00e9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T10:23:17Z","timestamp":1563186197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002252"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pamela L. C.","family":"Small","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]}}}