{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:15:19Z","timestamp":1787620519361,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]],"date-time":"2013-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376524800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]],"date-time":"2013-08-16T00:23:19Z","timestamp":1376612599000},"page":"e2367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Benznidazole and Posaconazole in Experimental Chagas Disease: Positive Interaction in Concomitant and Sequential Treatments"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"L\u00edvia de Figueiredo","family":"Diniz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio A.","family":"Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel Mayer","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Lia","family":"Mazzeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tassiane Ass\u00edria F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo Santana","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Talvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Terezinha","family":"Bahia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307312101","article-title":"9,000-year record of Chagas&apos; disease","volume":"101","author":"AC Aufderheide","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"WHO, World Health Organization (2007) Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Report of scientific group in Chagas disease. Buenos Aires, Argentina, April 17\u201320, 2005. Update July 2007."},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"13","article-title":"Globalization, inequity and Chagas disease","volume":"23","author":"JC Dias","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.011","article-title":"The future of Chagas disease control","volume":"22","author":"CJ Schofield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000900041","article-title":"Ergosterol biosynthesis and drug development for Chagas disease","volume":"1","author":"JA Urbina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg338","article-title":"Aetiological treatment of congenital Chagas&apos; disease diagnosed and monitored by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"52","author":"AG Schijman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90156-7","article-title":"Specific chemotherapy of Chagas&apos; disease: a comparison between the response in patients and experimental animals inoculated with the same strains","volume":"86","author":"SG Andrade","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1086\/315743","article-title":"Immunological and clinical evaluation of chagasic patients subjected to chemotherapy during the acute phase of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> infection 14\u201330 years ago","volume":"182","author":"LMG Bahia-Oliveira","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652002000100006","article-title":"Long term evaluation of etiological treatment of chagas disease with benznidazole","volume":"44","author":"JR Can\u00e7ado","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.594","article-title":"Short report: benznidazole efficacy among <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic>-infected adolescents after a six-year follow-up","volume":"71","author":"ALSS Andrade","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"191","article-title":"Evaluation of an specific treatment for <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> in children, in the evolution of the indeterminate phase","volume":"33","author":"CA Silveira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000700070","article-title":"Treatment of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> infection in the undetermined phase. Experience and current guidelines of treatment in Argentina","volume":"94","author":"S Sosa Estani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"7 e488","article-title":"Feasibility, drug safety, and effectiveness of etiological treatment programs for chagas disease in Honduras, Guatemala, and Bolivia: 10-year experience of Medecins Sans Fronti\u00e8res","volume":"3","author":"O Yun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plos Neg Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(94)90521-5","article-title":"Treatment of chronic Chagas disease with benznidazole: clinical and serological evolution of patients with long-term follow-up","volume":"127","author":"R Viotti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652000000200007","article-title":"Evolutive behaviour towards cardiomyopathy of treated (nifurtimox or benznidazole) and untreated chronic chagasic patients","volume":"42","author":"F Suasn\u00e1bar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.111","article-title":"Progressive chronic Chagas heart disease ten years after treatment with anti-<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> nitroderivatives","volume":"63","author":"L Lauria-Pires","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"135","article-title":"Interventional study in the natural evolution of Chagas disease. Evaluation of specific antiparasitic treatment. Retrospective-prospective study of antiparasitic therapy","volume":"57","author":"RR Gallerano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00006","article-title":"Long-Term cardiac outcomes of treating chronic Chagas disease with benznidazole versus no treatment. A nonrandomized trial","volume":"144","author":"R Viotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1314","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001314","article-title":"Impact of aetiological treatment on conventional and multiplex serology in chronic Chagas disease","volume":"5","author":"R Viotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.1.150-155.2000","article-title":"Activities of the triazole derivative SCH 56592 (posaconazole) against drug-resistant strains of the protozoan parasite <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed murine hosts","volume":"44","author":"JT Molina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"304","article-title":"Activity of TAK-187 triazole on mice infected with <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> stains differently susceptible to benznidazole","volume":"95","author":"JT Molina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00273-X","article-title":"<italic>In vitro<\/italic> and <italic>in vivo<\/italic> activities of ravuconazole on <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic>, the causative agent of Chagas disease","volume":"21","author":"JA Urbina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.1.223-230.2003","article-title":"Chemotherapy with benznidazole or itraconazole for mice infected with different <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> clonal genotypes","volume":"47","author":"MJ Toledo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.11.4286-4292.2004","article-title":"Activity of the new triazole derivative albaconazole against <italic>Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi<\/italic> in dog hosts","volume":"48","author":"PMM Guedes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.12.005","article-title":"Anti-malarial efficacy of pyronaride and artesunate in combination <italic>in vitro<\/italic> and <italic>in vivo<\/italic>","volume":"105","author":"L Vivas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb40421.x","article-title":"Synergistic effects of ketoconazole and SF-86327 on the proliferation of epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi","volume":"544","author":"JA Urbina","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.6.1353","article-title":"Experimental chemotherapy with combinations of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors in murine models of Chagas&apos; disease","volume":"37","author":"RA Maldonado","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000700014","article-title":"<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> benznidazole susceptibility <italic>in vitro<\/italic> does not predict the therapeutic outcome of human Chagas disease","volume":"105","author":"M Moreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90020-4","article-title":"Susceptibility and natural resistance of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> strains to drugs used clinically in Chagas disease","volume":"81","author":"LS Filardi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"191","article-title":"Sobre uma cepa de <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> altamente virulenta para o camundongo branco. Folia Clin","volume":"20","author":"LHP Silva","year":"1953","journal-title":"Biol"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Schlemper B R Jr. (1982) Characterization of strains of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> isolated from pacients wirh different clinical forms of Chagas disease. Rio de Janeiro UFRJ Doctored thesis 131 pp."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.08.016","article-title":"<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic>: acute and long-term infection in the vertebrate host can modify the response to benznidazole","volume":"118","author":"S Caldas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4191","article-title":"<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic>: optimization of polymerase chain reaction for detection in human blood","volume":"88","author":"ML Gomes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90160-N","article-title":"Schizodeme analysis of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> stocks from South and Central America by analysis of PCR-amplified minicircle variable region sequences","volume":"42","author":"H Avila","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00093-8","article-title":"Rapid quantitation of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> in host tissue by real-time PCR","volume":"129","author":"KL Cummings","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000600001","article-title":"Chronic Phase of Chagas Disease: Why should it be treated? A comprehensive review. Mem. Inst","volume":"106","author":"JR Coura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050691f","article-title":"Amidarone has intrinsic anti-<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> activity and acts synergistically with posaconazole","volume":"49","author":"G Benaim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.6.819","article-title":"A combination of benznidazole and ketoconazole enhances efficacy of chemotherapy of experimental Chagas disease","volume":"45","author":"MSS Ara\u00fajo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01454-07","article-title":"Buthionine Sulfoximine Has Anti-<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> Activity in a Murine Model of Acute Chagas&apos; Disease and Enhances the Efficacy of Nifurtimox","volume":"52","author":"M Fa\u00fandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22155","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022155","article-title":"Combined treatment of heterocyclic analogues and benznidazole upon <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi in vivo<\/italic>","volume":"6","author":"G Batista D da","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70187-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of five artemisinin combination regimens with or without primaquine in uncomplicated falciparummalaria: an open-label randomised trial","volume":"10","author":"F Smithuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70011-6","article-title":"Combination therapy for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"J Van Griensven","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000064","article-title":"Nifurtimox plus Eflornithine for late-stage sleeping sickness in Uganda: a case series","volume":"7;1","author":"F Checchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002367","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T18:37:05Z","timestamp":1588963025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002367"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mauricio Martins","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]]}}}