{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T01:30:34Z","timestamp":1780882234411,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378339200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T21:25:57Z","timestamp":1378416357000},"page":"e2388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Evidence of Local Persistence of Human Anthrax in the Country of Georgia Associated with Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ian T.","family":"Kracalik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lile","family":"Malania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikoloz","family":"Tsertsvadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julietta","family":"Manvelyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lela","family":"Bakanidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paata","family":"Imnadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Tsanava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason K.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.016","article-title":"Anthrax undervalued zoonosis","volume":"140","author":"A Fasanella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016657108","article-title":"Bacillus anthracis comparative genome analysis in support of the Amerithrax investigation","volume":"108","author":"DA Rasko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0067","article-title":"Neglected and endemic zoonoses","volume":"364","author":"I Maudlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012892","article-title":"Recognition and management of anthrax\u2014an update","volume":"345","author":"MN Swartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00867.x","article-title":"1996\u201397 global anthrax report","volume":"87","author":"M Hugh-Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of applied microbiology"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"WHO (2008) Anthrax in humans and animals. http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/resources\/publications\/anthrax_web.pdf<\/ext-link>. 9241547537 9241547537."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.08.003","article-title":"The ecology of Bacillus anthracis<\/italic>","volume":"30","author":"M Hugh-Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecular Aspects of Medicine"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1103","article-title":"Modeling the geographic distribution of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax disease, for the contiguous United States using predictive ecologic niche modeling","volume":"77","author":"JK Blackburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9596","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009596","article-title":"Modeling the potential distribution of Bacillus anthracis under multiple climate change scenarios for Kazakhstan","volume":"5","author":"TA Joyner","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6785-11-32","article-title":"Ecological Niche Modelling of the Bacillus anthracis A1. a sub-lineage in Kazakhstan","volume":"11","author":"J Mullins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC ecology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.806","article-title":"Cutaneous anthrax in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: 1992\u20132002","volume":"77","author":"RN Peck","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03451.x","article-title":"The socio-ecology of zoonotic infections","volume":"17","author":"A Cascio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.5.429","article-title":"Anthrax as a potential biological warfare agent","volume":"158","author":"JC Pile","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of internal medicine"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5631","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00440-06","article-title":"Diversity of Bacillus anthracis strains in Georgia and of vaccine strains from the former Soviet Union","volume":"72","author":"M Merabishvili","year":"2006","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"17","article-title":"Anthrax in southern Caucasus","volume":"18","author":"P Imnadze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antibiot Monit"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"GIDEON. Anthrax in Georgia. Available: http:\/\/www.gideononline.com<\/ext-link>. Accessed 3\/20\/2013."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0032","article-title":"Human anthrax in Turkey from 1990 to 2007","volume":"9","author":"M Doganay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0234","article-title":"Anthrax Outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2009\u20132010","volume":"86","author":"A Chakraborty","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6532","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006532","article-title":"The secret life of the anthrax agent Bacillus anthracis: bacteriophage-mediated ecological adaptations","volume":"4","author":"R Schuch","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2012.110","article-title":"Analysing the spatial patterns of livestock anthrax in Kazakhstan in relation to environmental factors: a comparison of local (Gi*) and morphology cluster statistics","volume":"7","author":"IT Kracalik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geospatial Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-569-5_28","article-title":"Disease Surveillance in Georgia: Benefits of International Cooperation","author":"L Bakanidze","year":"2008","journal-title":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"(NGA) (2012) NGIA GEOnet names server. Available: http:\/\/earth-infongamil\/gns\/html\/<\/ext-link> Accessed 06\/06\/2012."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Index Mundi. Available: http:\/\/www.indexmundi.com\/<\/ext-link> Accessed 06\/06\/2012."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"GeoNames Available: http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/<\/ext-link> Accessed 06\/06\/2012."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Population Statistics of Eastern Europe Database. Available: http:\/\/pop-stat.mashke.org\/<\/ext-link> Accessed 06\/06\/2012."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010604","article-title":"Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States","volume":"7","author":"JA Jernigan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"GeoStat National Statistics Office of Georgia. Available: http:\/\/geostatge\/<\/ext-link> Accessed 06\/20\/2012."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"ESRI A (2009) 9.3. 1. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, United States."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0016-7363.2005.00671.x","article-title":"GeoDa: An introduction to spatial data analysis","volume":"38","author":"L Anselin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geographical Analysis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471662682","article-title":"Applied spatial statistics for public health data: Wiley-Interscience","author":"LA Waller","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17","article-title":"Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena","volume":"37","author":"PAP Moran","year":"1950","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Kulldorff M (2010) Information Management Services, Inc: SaTScan\u2122 User Guide. SaTScan."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1080\/03610929708831995","article-title":"A spatial scan statistic","volume":"26","author":"M Kulldorff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Communications in statistics-theory and methods"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276","article-title":"Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"25","author":"RJ Hijmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"International journal of climatology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)62002-7","article-title":"Global environmental data for mapping infectious disease distribution","volume":"62","author":"SI Hay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Advances in parasitology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-2743.2009.00202.x","article-title":"Harmonized soil profile data for applications at global and continental scales: updates to the WISE database","volume":"25","author":"N Batjes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soil Use and Management"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Nelson A (2008) Travel time to major cities: A global map of Accessibility. Global Environment Monitoring Unit-Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra Italy."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)62004-0","article-title":"Determining global population distribution: methods, applications and data","volume":"62","author":"D Balk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Advances in parasitology"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Thornton P (2002) Mapping poverty and livestock in the developing world: ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD)."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.4.561","article-title":"Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine","volume":"39","author":"MH Zweig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical chemistry"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020223","article-title":"Epidemiologic Responses to Anthrax Outbreaks: A Review of Field Investigations, 1950\u20132001","volume":"8","author":"ME Bales","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"159","article-title":"Risk factors for contracting anthrax in Kuwirirana ward, Gokwe North, Zimbabwe","volume":"10","author":"N Gombe","year":"2010","journal-title":"African health sciences"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3920\/9789086866861_013","article-title":"Cattle sector and dairy chain developments in Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia","author":"T Kartvelishvili","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Cattle Sector in Central and Eastern Europe: Developments and Opportunities in a Time of Transition"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2007.11.003","article-title":"Rural\u2013urban poverty differences in transition countries","volume":"36","author":"K Macours","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0807.020062","article-title":"Anthrax of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"8","author":"T Sirisanthana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.07.008","article-title":"Risk analysis of an anthrax outbreak in cattle and humans of Sesheke district of Western Zambia","volume":"124","author":"F Banda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.48","article-title":"Risk factors for human anthrax among contacts of anthrax-infected livestock in Kazakhstan","volume":"71","author":"CW Woods","year":"2004","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0b013e3181ca650d","article-title":"Lessons learned from the investigation of a cluster of cutaneous anthrax cases in Connecticut","volume":"16","author":"A Guh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Management and Practice"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02030.x","article-title":"Predictability of anthrax infection in the Serengeti, Tanzania","volume":"48","author":"K Hampson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1605.091427","article-title":"Historical distribution and molecular diversity of Bacillus anthracis, Kazakhstan","volume":"16","author":"AM Aikembayev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1890\/090057","article-title":"Human behavior influences infectious disease emergence at the human-animal interface","volume":"8","author":"KA Alexander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.0987","article-title":"Modeling of Wildlife Associated Zoonoses: Applications and Caveats","volume":"12","author":"KA Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"7","article-title":"Soils of the United States favorable for anthrax","volume":"128","author":"G Van Ness","year":"1956","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.172.3990.1303","article-title":"Ecology of anthrax","volume":"172","author":"GB Van Ness","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-32","article-title":"Under-utilization of health care services for infectious diseases syndromes in rural Azerbaijan: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"DV Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC health services research"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00524.x","article-title":"A procedure for differentiating between the intentional release of biological warfare agents and natural outbreaks of disease: its use in analyzing the tularemia outbreak in Kosovo in 1999 and 2000","volume":"8","author":"R Grunow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1152","article-title":"Advances in detecting and responding to threats from bioterrorism and emerging infectious disease","volume":"10","author":"LD Rotz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature medicine"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0636861100","article-title":"Emergency response to an anthrax attack","volume":"100","author":"LM Wein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002388","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T17:18:42Z","timestamp":1715966322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002388"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002388","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]]}}}