{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T22:27:47Z","timestamp":1784154467072,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T17:23:33Z","timestamp":1377192213000},"page":"e2391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Differential Epidemiology of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal: A Matched Case Control Investigation in a Highly Endemic Enteric Fever Setting"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Abhilasha","family":"Karkey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne N.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nga","family":"Tran Vu Thieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Dongol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tu","family":"Le Thi Phuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phat","family":"Voong Vinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Arjyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Rondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy J.","family":"Farrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Dolecek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buddha","family":"Basnyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67652-0","article-title":"Typhoid and paratyphoid fever","volume":"366","author":"B Basnyat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"347","author":"CM Parry","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"253","article-title":"The burden of enteric fever","volume":"2","author":"A Kothari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.01.010401","article-title":"Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010","volume":"2","author":"GC Buckle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1086\/421555","article-title":"A clinical, microbiological, and pathological study of intestinal perforation associated with typhoid fever","volume":"39","author":"NQ Chanh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.10.003","article-title":"Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993\u20132003","volume":"102","author":"AP Maskey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.670","article-title":"The etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to Patan Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"70","author":"DR Murdoch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013988","article-title":"The burden and characteristics of enteric fever at a healthcare facility in a densely populated area of Kathmandu","volume":"5","author":"A Karkey","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"461","article-title":"Kathmandu, Nepal: still an enteric fever capital of the world","volume":"2","author":"A Karkey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110008","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.110008","article-title":"Combined high-resolution genotyping and geospatial analysis reveals modes of endemic urban typhoid fever transmission","volume":"1","author":"S Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67181-4","article-title":"Typhoid and paratyphoid fever","volume":"366","author":"M Bhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"899","article-title":"Case\u2014control study to identify risk factors for paediatric endemic typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile","volume":"63","author":"RE Black","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00734.x","article-title":"Poor food hygiene and housing as risk factors for typhoid fever in Semarang, Indonesia","volume":"6","author":"MH Gasem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.1.254","article-title":"Community-wide epidemiological investigation of a typhoid outbreak in a rural township in Taiwan, Republic of China","volume":"18","author":"CC King","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268897008558","article-title":"Risk factors for typhoid fever in an endemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"120","author":"S Luby","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1086\/314766","article-title":"A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water","volume":"179","author":"JH Mermin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1513","article-title":"A common-source water-borne outbreak of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in a rural Thai community","volume":"84","author":"W Swaddiwudhipong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-179.x","article-title":"Typhoid fever in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia\u2013high risk groups and high risk behaviours","volume":"2","author":"JP Velema","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2607","article-title":"Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia","volume":"291","author":"AM Vollaard","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-115","article-title":"A typhoid fever outbreak in a slum of South Dumdum municipality, West Bengal, India, 2007: Evidence for foodborne and waterborne transmission","volume":"9","author":"R Bhunia","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1086\/427503","article-title":"Typhoid fever: a massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal","volume":"40","author":"MD Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90318-9","article-title":"Risk factors for typhoid fever in the Mekong delta, southern Viet Nam: a case-control study","volume":"95","author":"C Luxemburger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2495","article-title":"Characterization of Citrobacter sp. line 328 as a source of Vi for a Vi-CRM197 glycoconjugate vaccine against <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> Typhi","volume":"6","author":"S Rondini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.10.038","article-title":"A scalable method for O-antigen purification applied to different <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> serovars","volume":"434","author":"F Micoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Hosmer D, Lemeshow S (1989) Applied Logistic Regression. United States of America: John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-010-0202-2","article-title":"Bacteriology of a most popular street food (Panipuri) and inhibitory effect of essential oils on bacterial growth","volume":"49","author":"M Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-289","article-title":"Comparisons of predictors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kolkata, India","volume":"7","author":"D Sur","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Heatlh"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1086\/503033","article-title":"<italic>Salmonella<\/italic> enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"42","author":"AP Maskey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.039818","article-title":"A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls","volume":"86","author":"RL Ochiai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-8-200904210-00017","article-title":"Gallbladder carriage of <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> paratyphi A may be an important factor in the increasing incidence of this infection in South Asia","volume":"150","author":"NS Khatri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"47","article-title":"Re-emergence of <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> paratyphi A: a shift in immunity?","volume":"16","author":"V Padmapriya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0503.990329","article-title":"Paratyphoid fever in India: An emerging problem","volume":"5","author":"S Sood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"10","article-title":"An unusually high occurrence of <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> enterica serotype Paratyphi A in patients with enteric fever","volume":"117","author":"S Tankhiwale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01236-0","article-title":"Typhoid fever\u2014important issues still remain","volume":"6","author":"T Pang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"46","article-title":"Decreasing trend in the occurrence of <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> enterica serotype Typhi amongst hospitalised children in Kolkata, India during 1990\u20132000","volume":"115","author":"M Saha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(96)81276-X","article-title":"Urgent need for effective vaccine against <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> paratyphi A, B and C","volume":"13","author":"S Arya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"280","article-title":"Keeping clean water clean in a Malawi refugee camp: a randomized intervention trial","volume":"79","author":"L Roberts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710293171801","article-title":"Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> Typhi: A preliminary report","volume":"317","author":"IL Acharya","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"JA Crump","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2005.0002","article-title":"The role of public health improvements in health advances: the twentieth-century United States","volume":"42","author":"D Cutler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39118.489931.BE","article-title":"Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"334","author":"T Clasen","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,21]],"date-time":"2019-07-21T14:46:56Z","timestamp":1563720416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002391"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"John Andrew","family":"Crump","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002391","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]}}}