{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:28:39Z","timestamp":1790126919464,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]],"date-time":"2013-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383782400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]],"date-time":"2013-11-07T22:16:59Z","timestamp":1383862619000},"page":"e2525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["An Aspartic Protease of the Scabies Mite Sarcoptes scabiei Is Involved in the Digestion of Host Skin and Blood Macromolecules"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wajahat","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda T.","family":"Viberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley F.","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah C.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70654-5","article-title":"Scabies: a ubiquitous neglected skin disease","volume":"6","author":"UR Hengge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1335","article-title":"Sarcoptic manage in wildlife","volume":"21","author":"DB Pence","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1086\/421776","article-title":"First documentation of <italic>in vivo<\/italic> and <italic>in vitro<\/italic> ivermectin resistance in <italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/italic>","volume":"39","author":"BJ Currie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.125","article-title":"Longitudinal evidence of increasing <italic>in vitro<\/italic> tolerance of scabies mites to ivermectin in scabies-endemic communities","volume":"145","author":"KE Mounsey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00895.x","article-title":"<italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/italic> var. <italic>canis<\/italic> refractory to ivermectin treatment in two dogs","volume":"21","author":"Y Terada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90454-1","article-title":"Studies in vitro on the relative efficacy of current acaricides for <italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/italic> var. <italic>hominis<\/italic>","volume":"94","author":"SF Walton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.3.1.57","article-title":"Scabies: molecular perspectives and therapeutic implications in the face of emerging drug resistance","volume":"3","author":"KE Mounsey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.6.1200","article-title":"Enzymatic activity in extracts of allergy-causing astigmatid mites","volume":"43","author":"MS Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12621.x","article-title":"Mechanisms for a novel immune evasion strategy in the scabies mite <italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/italic>: a multigene family of inactivated serine proteases","volume":"121","author":"DC Holt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invest Deramtol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34413","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.061911","article-title":"Characterization of a serine protease homologous to house dust mite group 3 allergens from the scabies mite <italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/italic>","volume":"284","author":"SA Beckham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22716.x","article-title":"A multigene family of inactivated cysteine proteases in <italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/italic>","volume":"123","author":"DC Holt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Deramtol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-012-1369-9","article-title":"Intestinal proteases of free-living and parasitic astigmatid mites","volume":"351","author":"DC Holt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00169-1","article-title":"A comparative survey of the hydrolytic enzymes of ectoparasitic and free-living mites","volume":"30","author":"AJ Nisbet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.04.002","article-title":"New insights into the machinery of blood digestion by ticks","volume":"29","author":"D Sojka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06263.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization and inhibition of a <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> aspartic hemoglobinase","volume":"13","author":"SE Francis","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(00)00351-0","article-title":"Proteolysis of human hemoglobin by schistosome cathepsin D","volume":"112","author":"PJ Brindley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2004.06.006","article-title":"<italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/italic>: expression and immunolocalization of a nematode cathepsin D-like lysosomal aspartic protease","volume":"107","author":"A Jolodar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00074-1","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterisation of a putative aspartate proteinase associated with a gut membrane protein complex from adult <italic>Haemonchus contortus<\/italic>","volume":"88","author":"D Longbottom","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0181fje","article-title":"Cleavage of hemoglobin by hookworm cathepsin D aspartic proteases and its potential contribution to host specificity","volume":"16","author":"AL Williamson","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007521","article-title":"<italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/italic> cathepsin D aspartic protease cleaves human IgG and other serum components","volume":"122","author":"CK Verity","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00015-8","article-title":"The proteinases of <italic>Psoroptes ovis<\/italic>, the sheep scab mite-their diversity and substrate specificity","volume":"105","author":"F Kenyon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098002698","article-title":"Isolation of an aspartic proteinase precursor from the egg of a hard tick, <italic>Boophilus microplus<\/italic>","volume":"116","author":"C Logullo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28659","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005675200","article-title":"A heme-binding aspartic proteinase from the eggs of the hard tick <italic>Boophilus microplus<\/italic>","volume":"275","author":"MH Sorgine","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2005.10.003","article-title":"Molecular cloning and functional characterization of an aspartic protease from the hard tick <italic>Haemaphysalis longicornis<\/italic>","volume":"36","author":"D Boldbaatar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"MM Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.1.0680061","article-title":"Generation and characterization of cDNA clones from <italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/italic> var. <italic>hominis<\/italic> for an expressed sequence tag library: identification of homologues of house dust mite allergens","volume":"68","author":"K Fischer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2144\/03342bm03","article-title":"Normalization of a cDNA library cloned in lambda ZAP by a long PCR and cDNA reassociation procedure","volume":"34","author":"K Fischer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"122","article-title":"Prediction of signal peptides and signal anchors by a hidden Markov model","volume":"6","author":"H Nielsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(95)48009-9","article-title":"Families of aspartic peptidases, and those of unknown catalytic mechanism","volume":"248","author":"ND Rawlings","year":"1995","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1021\/bi047886u","article-title":"Active-site specificity of digestive aspartic peptidases from the four species of <italic>Plasmodium<\/italic> that infect humans using chromogenic combinatorial peptide libraries","volume":"44","author":"BB Beyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.347922","article-title":"Characterization of gut-associated cathepsin D hemoglobinase from tick <italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/italic> (IrCD1)","volume":"287","author":"D Sojka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/25.1.64","article-title":"Water balance and nutrient procurement of <italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/italic> var. <italic>canis<\/italic> (Acari: Sarcoptidae)","volume":"25","author":"LG Arlian","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(98)00194-9","article-title":"Immunization of bovines with an aspartic proteinase precursor isolated from <italic>Boophilus microplus<\/italic> eggs","volume":"66","author":"I da Silva Vaz Jr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.08.011","article-title":"Vaccination of bovines with recombinant Boophilus Yolk pro-Cathepsin","volume":"114","author":"AT Leal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020295","article-title":"Vaccination with recombinant aspartic hemoglobinase reduces parasite load and blood loss after hookworm infection in dogs","volume":"2","author":"A Loukas","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-131433","article-title":"An enzymatically inactivated hemoglobinase from <italic>Necator americanus<\/italic> induces neutralizing antibodies against multiple hookworm species and protects dogs against heterologous hookworm infection","volume":"23","author":"MS Pearson","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1086\/651953","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies to the hookworm hemoglobinase Na-APR-1: implications for a multivalent vaccine against hookworm infection and schistosomiasis","volume":"201","author":"MS Pearson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046870","article-title":"Peptide-Based Subunit Vaccine against Hookworm Infection","volume":"7","author":"M Skwarczynski","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002525","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T12:57:25Z","timestamp":1589029045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002525"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M. C.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002525","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]]}}}