{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:28:14Z","timestamp":1776904094426,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]],"date-time":"2014-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]],"date-time":"2014-01-23T23:13:37Z","timestamp":1390518817000},"page":"e2657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Strong Association between Serological Status and Probability of Progression to Clinical Visceral Leishmaniasis in Prospective Cohort Studies in India and Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Epco","family":"Hasker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paritosh","family":"Malaviya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamlesh","family":"Gidwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Picado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Ostyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Kansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudra Pratap","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Om Prakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankita","family":"Chourasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhishek Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basudha","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Rijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.090623","article-title":"Domestic animals and epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis, Nepal","volume":"16","author":"NR Bhattarai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010) Control of the leishmaniasis: report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22\u201326 March 2010. WHO technical report series; no. 949"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(82)90095-5","article-title":"Prevalence and disease spectrum in a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya","volume":"76","author":"M Ho","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.6.1003","article-title":"New perspectives on a subclinical form of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"154","author":"R Badaro","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305133281904","article-title":"Visceral infection caused by Leishmania tropica in veterans of Operation Desert Storm","volume":"328","author":"AJ Magill","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.05.012","article-title":"Importance of worldwide asymptomatic carriers of Leishmania infantum (L. chagasi) in human","volume":"119","author":"G Michel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001284","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections in high-endemic foci in India and Nepal: a prospective study","volume":"5","author":"B Ostyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.826","article-title":"Endemic kala-azar in eastern Sudan: a longitudinal study on the incidence of clinical and subclinical infection and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"51","author":"EE Zijlstra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90070-5","article-title":"A prospective sero-epidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in Baringo District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya","volume":"89","author":"KU Schaefer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812869","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. IV. Prevalence, incidence and relation of infection to disease in an endemic area","volume":"88","author":"A Ali","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.5.1124","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil","volume":"166","author":"TG Evans","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.909","article-title":"The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic leishmanial infection in a highly endemic Bangladeshi village","volume":"76","author":"C Bern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1405","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001405","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: modelling epidemiology and control","volume":"5","author":"A Stauch","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.08.005","article-title":"Asymptomatic infection of visceral leishmaniasis in hyperendemic areas of Vaishali district, Bihar, India: a challenge to kala-azar elimination programmes","volume":"105","author":"VN Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"568","article-title":"Predicting kala-azar disease manifestations in asymptomatic patients with latent Leishmania donovani infection by detection of antibody against recombinant K39 antigen","volume":"9","author":"S Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.345","article-title":"Longitudinal seroepidemiologic study of visceral leishmaniasis in hyperendemic regions of Bihar, India","volume":"80","author":"K Gidwani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0092","article-title":"Antileishmania immunological tests for asymptomatic subjects living in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area in Brazil","volume":"84","author":"LA Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001955","article-title":"Low parasite load estimated by qPCR in a cohort of children living in urban area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"6","author":"LH dos Santos Marques","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00143-12","article-title":"Reassessment of immune correlates in human visceral leishmaniasis as defined by cytokine release in whole blood","volume":"19","author":"OP Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.909","article-title":"The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic leishmanial infection in a highly endemic Bangladeshi village","volume":"76","author":"C Bern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c6760","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6760","article-title":"Longlasting insecticidal nets for prevention of Leishmania donovani infection in India and Nepal: paired cluster randomised trial","volume":"341","author":"A Picado","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002053","article-title":"Latent infection with Leishmania donovani in highly endemic villages in Bihar, India","volume":"7","author":"E Hasker","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02631.x","article-title":"Serological markers for leishmania donovani infection in Nepal: Agreement between direct agglutination test and rK39 ELISA","volume":"15","author":"B Khanal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000599","article-title":"Of cattle, sand flies and men: a systematic review of risk factor analyses for South Asian visceral leishmaniasis and implications for elimination","volume":"4","author":"C Bern","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.08.018","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: direct agglutination test versus rK39 strip test","volume":"100","author":"S Sundar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121593","article-title":"The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence","volume":"99","author":"GW Comstock","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in non-HIV infected persons","volume":"CD001363","author":"MJ Smieja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1086\/315795","article-title":"Competence of the human host as a reservoir for Leishmania chagasi","volume":"182","author":"CH Costa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T23:56:43Z","timestamp":1565135803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002657"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Abhay R.","family":"Satoskar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]}}}