{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:27:38Z","timestamp":1791307658886,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]],"date-time":"2014-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392854400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]],"date-time":"2014-02-20T22:05:33Z","timestamp":1392933933000},"page":"e2719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Deliberate Attenuation of Chikungunya Virus by Adaptation to Heparan Sulfate-Dependent Infectivity: A Model for Rational Arboviral Vaccine Design"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Christina L.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jozef","family":"Hritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengqun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana L.","family":"Vanlandingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy Y.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Ghedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Higgs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William B.","family":"Klimstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate D.","family":"Ryman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.115","article-title":"The 2005\u20132006 Chikungunya epidemic in the Indian Ocean","volume":"6","author":"S Higgs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1126\/science.311.5764.1085a","article-title":"Infectious diseases. Massive outbreak draws fresh attention to little-known virus","volume":"311","author":"M Enserink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.06.009","article-title":"Chikungunya fever: Epidemiology, clinical syndrome, pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"99","author":"SD Thiberville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.011078","article-title":"Genomic evolution and phenotypic distinctions of Chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak","volume":"236","author":"AM Powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60281-X","article-title":"Chikungunya: a re-emerging virus","volume":"379","author":"FJ Burt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.30.10.1031","article-title":"Mosquito-borne illnesses in travelers: a review of risk and prevention","volume":"30","author":"E Mirzaian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001918","article-title":"Modeling dynamic introduction of Chikungunya virus in the United States","volume":"6","author":"D Ruiz-Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.08.025","article-title":"US Military contributions to the global response to pandemic chikungunya","volume":"30","author":"CH Hoke Jr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.681","article-title":"Phase II safety and immunogenicity study of live chikungunya virus vaccine TSI-GSD-218","volume":"62","author":"R Edelman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.84","article-title":"Chikungunya virus and prospects for a vaccine","volume":"11","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.59","article-title":"A structural and functional perspective of alphavirus replication and assembly","volume":"4","author":"J Jose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-12-3075","article-title":"Complete nucleotide sequence of chikungunya virus and evidence for an internal polyadenylation site","volume":"83","author":"AH Khan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2005.05.008","article-title":"Development and characterization of a double subgenomic chikungunya virus infectious clone to express heterologous genes in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"35","author":"DL Vanlandingham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09555","article-title":"Glycoprotein organization of Chikungunya virus particles revealed by X-ray crystallography","volume":"468","author":"JE Voss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011479","article-title":"Endocytosis of chikungunya virus into mammalian cells: role of clathrin and early endosomal compartments","volume":"5","author":"E Bernard","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12022","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.22.12022-12032.2003","article-title":"DC-SIGN and L-SIGN can act as attachment receptors for alphaviruses and distinguish between mosquito cell- and mammalian cell-derived viruses","volume":"77","author":"WB Klimstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7357","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7357-7366.1998","article-title":"Adaptation of Sindbis virus to BHK cells selects for use of heparan sulfate as an attachment receptor","volume":"72","author":"WB Klimstra","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6299","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.8.6299-6306.1999","article-title":"The furin protease cleavage recognition sequence of Sindbis virus PE2 can mediate virion attachment to cell surface heparan sulfate","volume":"73","author":"WB Klimstra","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7349","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7349-7356.1998","article-title":"Binding of Sindbis virus to cell surface heparan sulfate","volume":"72","author":"AP Byrnes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.2.644-651.2000","article-title":"Large-plaque mutants of Sindbis virus show reduced binding to heparan sulfate, heightened viremia, and slower clearance from the circulation","volume":"74","author":"AP Byrnes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02494-06","article-title":"Heparan sulfate binding can contribute to the neurovirulence of neuroadapted and nonneuroadapted Sindbis viruses","volume":"81","author":"KD Ryman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6303","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.14.6303-6309.2001","article-title":"An amino acid substitution in the coding region of the E2 glycoprotein adapts Ross River virus to utilize heparan sulfate as an attachment moiety","volume":"75","author":"ML Heil","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10128","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.20.10128-10137.2002","article-title":"Adaptation of alphaviruses to heparan sulfate: interaction of Sindbis and Semliki forest viruses with liposomes containing lipid-conjugated heparin","volume":"76","author":"JM Smit","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10387","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.10387-10398.1999","article-title":"Infection of neonatal mice with sindbis virus results in a systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"73","author":"WB Klimstra","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.325","article-title":"Infectious clones of Chikungunya virus (La Reunion isolate) for vector competence studies","volume":"6","author":"K Tsetsarkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1210.060610","article-title":"Novel chikungunya virus variant in travelers returning from Indian Ocean islands","volume":"12","author":"P Parola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.12.020","article-title":"Interferon-alpha\/beta deficiency greatly exacerbates arthritogenic disease in mice infected with wild-type chikungunya virus but not with the cell culture-adapted live-attenuated 181\/25 vaccine candidate","volume":"425","author":"CL Gardner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6084","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06449-11","article-title":"Attenuation of Chikungunya virus vaccine strain 181\/clone 25 is determined by two amino acid substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein","volume":"86","author":"R Gorchakov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16026","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110617108","article-title":"Heparan sulfate binding by natural eastern equine encephalitis viruses promotes neurovirulence","volume":"108","author":"CL Gardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.340230306","article-title":"Evaluation of comparative protein modeling by MODELLER","volume":"23","author":"A Sali","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20035","article-title":"Development and testing of a general amber force field","volume":"25","author":"J Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Comput Chem"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W522","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm276","article-title":"PDB2PQR: expanding and upgrading automated preparation of biomolecular structures for molecular simulations","volume":"35","author":"TJ Dolinsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10037","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.181342398","article-title":"Electrostatics of nanosystems: application to microtubules and the ribosome","volume":"98","author":"NA Baker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e263","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030263","article-title":"Genome microevolution of chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak","volume":"3","author":"I Schuffenecker","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.076","article-title":"Probing the attenuation and protective efficacy of a candidate chikungunya virus vaccine in mice with compromised interferon (IFN) signaling","volume":"29","author":"CD Partidos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.07.019","article-title":"The E2-E166K substitution restores Chikungunya virus growth in OAS3 expressing cells by acting on viral entry","volume":"434","author":"H Henrik Gad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.10.3197","article-title":"Animal cell mutants defective in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis","volume":"82","author":"JD Esko","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Natural variation in the heparan sulfate binding domain of the eastern equine encephalitis virus E2 glycoprotein alters interactions with cell surfaces and virulence in mice","author":"CL Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8021","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02603-09","article-title":"Chikungunya virus arthritis in adult wild-type mice","volume":"84","author":"J Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.11.018","article-title":"A mouse model of chikungunya virus-induced musculoskeletal inflammatory disease: evidence of arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, and persistence","volume":"178","author":"TE Morrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir470","article-title":"Protection from arthritis and myositis in a mouse model of acute chikungunya virus disease by bindarit, an inhibitor of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 synthesis","volume":"204","author":"NE Rulli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001279","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine expression is associated with chikungunya virus resolution and symptom severity","volume":"5","author":"AA Kelvin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq006","article-title":"The acute phase of Chikungunya virus infection in humans is associated with strong innate immunity and T CD8 cell activation","volume":"204","author":"N Wauquier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq042","article-title":"Persistent arthralgia induced by Chikungunya virus infection is associated with interleukin-6 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor","volume":"203","author":"A Chow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900255","article-title":"Persistent chronic inflammation and infection by Chikungunya arthritogenic alphavirus in spite of a robust host immune response","volume":"184","author":"JJ Hoarau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"457","article-title":"Interleukin 6, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin expression by chikungunya virus-infected human osteoblasts","volume":"455\u2013457","author":"M Noret","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis 206"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650070613","article-title":"Distinct proliferative and differentiated stages of murine MC3T3-E1 cells in culture: an in vitro model of osteoblast development","volume":"7","author":"LD Quarles","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0546","article-title":"Mutations in the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus confer heparan sulfate interaction, low morbidity, and rapid clearance from blood of mice","volume":"276","author":"KA Bernard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-3967-6","article-title":"Microbial heparin\/heparan sulphate lyases: potential and applications","volume":"94","author":"CK Tripathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.05.059","article-title":"Deciphering the protective role of adaptive immunity to CHIKV\/IRES a novel candidate vaccine against Chikungunya in the A129 mouse model","volume":"31","author":"H Chu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300304","article-title":"An essential role of antibodies in the control of Chikungunya virus infection","volume":"190","author":"FM Lum","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2010.01.001","article-title":"Yellow fever: a reemerging threat","volume":"30","author":"CL Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.8.11.1787","article-title":"Yellow fever vaccine: past, present and future","volume":"8","author":"AH Roukens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6024","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02509-07","article-title":"E protein domain III determinants of yellow fever virus 17D vaccine strain enhance binding to glycosaminoglycans, impede virus spread, and attenuate virulence","volume":"82","author":"E Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1963.12.597","article-title":"Use of an Attenuated Strain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus for Immunization in Man","volume":"12","author":"RW McKinney","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17804","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.30.17804","article-title":"Domain structure of heparan sulfates from bovine organs","volume":"271","author":"M Maccarana","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42732","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405382200","article-title":"Heparan sulfate structure in mice with genetically modified heparan sulfate production","volume":"279","author":"J Ledin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21950","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.350389","article-title":"Drosophila heparan sulfate, a novel design","volume":"287","author":"M Kusche-Gullberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60822-1","article-title":"Structure and antithrombin-binding properties of heparin isolated from the clams Anomalocardia brasiliana and Tivela mactroides","volume":"262","author":"G Pejler","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.68.1.729","article-title":"Functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans","volume":"68","author":"M Bernfield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05817","article-title":"Heparan sulphate proteoglycans fine-tune mammalian physiology","volume":"446","author":"JR Bishop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24979","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.39.24979","article-title":"Regulated diversity of heparan sulfate","volume":"273","author":"U Lindahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135458","article-title":"Order out of chaos: assembly of ligand binding sites in heparan sulfate","volume":"71","author":"JD Esko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00389.x","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus: receptors and ligands for cell entry","volume":"6","author":"PG Spear","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.054","article-title":"Chimeric alphavirus vaccine candidates for chikungunya","volume":"26","author":"E Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004261","article-title":"IL-1beta, IL-6, and RANTES as biomarkers of Chikungunya severity","volume":"4","author":"LF Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202177","article-title":"A pathogenic role for CD4+ T cells during Chikungunya virus infection in mice","volume":"190","author":"TH Teo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.8.3905-3908.2000","article-title":"Control of Sindbis virus infection by antibody in interferon-deficient mice","volume":"74","author":"AP Byrnes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.18.6771","article-title":"A single nucleotide change in the E2 glycoprotein gene of Sindbis virus affects penetration rate in cell culture and virulence in neonatal mice","volume":"83","author":"NL Davis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(88)90484-9","article-title":"Selection for accelerated penetration in cell culture coselects for attenuated mutants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"162","author":"RE Johnston","year":"1988","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.63.4.1619-1629.1989","article-title":"Sindbis virus mutations which coordinately affect glycoprotein processing, penetration, and virulence in mice","volume":"63","author":"DL Russell","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6204381","article-title":"Sindbis virus mutants selected for rapid growth in cell culture display attenuated virulence in animals","volume":"225","author":"RA Olmsted","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.8.3706-3718.2001","article-title":"Role of alpha\/beta interferon in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis: effect of an attenuating mutation in the 5\u2032 untranslated region","volume":"75","author":"LJ White","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002719","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T05:03:27Z","timestamp":1648357407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002719"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002719","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]]}}}