{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T09:28:27Z","timestamp":1776504507413,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]],"date-time":"2014-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405555200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]],"date-time":"2014-07-17T18:47:48Z","timestamp":1405622868000},"page":"e2995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Antimony Resistant Leishmania donovani but Not Sensitive Ones Drives Greater Frequency of Potent T-Regulatory Cells upon Interaction with Human PBMCs: Role of IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2 in Early Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rajan","family":"Guha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shantanabha","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"June","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Claude","family":"Dujardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syamal","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006","article-title":"Drug resistance in leishmaniasis","volume":"19","author":"SL Croft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"345","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis - current therapeutic modalities","volume":"123","author":"S Sundar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis424","article-title":"Genetic markers for SSG resistance in Leishmania donovani and SSG treatment failure in visceral leishmaniasis patients of the Indian subcontinent","volume":"206","author":"M Vanaerschot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"238","article-title":"Immune response to Leishmania infection","volume":"119","author":"A Awasthi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1038\/ni725","article-title":"IL-4 instructs TH1 responses and resistance to Leishmania major in susceptible BALB\/c mice","volume":"2","author":"T Biedermann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90071-X","article-title":"Skewing of cytokine profiles towards T helper cell type 2 response in visceral leishmaniasis patients unresponsive to sodium antimony gluconate","volume":"97","author":"CP Thakur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.5.3214","article-title":"Leishmania donovani affects antigen presentation of macrophage by disrupting lipid rafts","volume":"175","author":"D Chakraborty","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6706","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.12.6706","article-title":"Leishmania-induced inhibition of macrophage antigen presentation analyzed at the single-cell level","volume":"171","author":"CL Meier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040298","article-title":"Role for CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells in reactivation of persistent leishmaniasis and control of concomitant immunity","volume":"200","author":"S Mendez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00080","article-title":"T helper1\/t helper2 cells and resistance\/susceptibility to leishmania infection: is this paradigm still relevant?","volume":"3","author":"J Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(89)90302-2","article-title":"Functional heterogeneity of CD4+ T cells in leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"FY Liew","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01152","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity","volume":"420","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31551","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031551","article-title":"Regulatory T cells suppress T cell activation at the pathologic site of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"AK Rai","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.05.002","article-title":"Natural and adaptive foxp3+ regulatory T cells: more of the same or a division of labor?","volume":"30","author":"MA Curotto de Lafaille","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-3687","article-title":"T-regulatory cells: key players in tumor immune escape and angiogenesis","volume":"72","author":"A Facciabene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.07.013","article-title":"Characterisation of antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani isolates: biochemical and biophysical studies and interaction with host cells","volume":"41","author":"R Mukhopadhyay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000907","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000907","article-title":"Leishmania donovani isolates with antimony-resistant but not -sensitive phenotype inhibit sodium antimony gluconate-induced dendritic cell activation","volume":"6","author":"AK Haldar","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061141","article-title":"Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4+CD25+ (Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"204","author":"S Nylen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.07.004","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and the pathogenesis of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"S Nylen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis932","article-title":"A new model of progressive visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters by natural transmission via bites of vector sand flies","volume":"207","author":"H Aslan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E575","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213839110","article-title":"Antimony-resistant but not antimony-sensitive Leishmania donovani up-regulates host IL-10 to overexpress multidrug-resistant protein 1","volume":"110","author":"B Mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2000.00724.x","article-title":"Distinct innate and acquired immune responses to Leishmania in putative susceptible and resistant human populations endemically exposed to L. (Viannia) panamensis infection","volume":"51","author":"F Bosque","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900265","article-title":"Immunization with the DNA-encoding N-terminal domain of proteophosphoglycan of Leishmania donovani generates Th1-type immunoprotective response against experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"183","author":"M Samant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1195-1201.2006","article-title":"Real-time reverse transcription-PCR quantification of cytokine mRNA expression in golden Syrian hamster infected with Leishmania infantum and treated with a new amphotericin B formulation","volume":"50","author":"S Rama Iniguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.9.2468-2474.2001","article-title":"Alkyl-lysophospholipid resistance in multidrug-resistant Leishmania tropica and chemosensitization by a novel P-glycoprotein-like transporter modulator","volume":"45","author":"JM Perez-Victoria","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5592","article-title":"IL-10- and TGF-beta-mediated susceptibility in kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: the significance of amphotericin B in the control of Leishmania donovani infection in India","volume":"179","author":"S Saha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060772","article-title":"CD127 expression inversely correlates with FoxP3 and suppressive function of human CD4+ T reg cells","volume":"203","author":"W Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13439","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901965106","article-title":"Expression of GARP selectively identifies activated human FOXP3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"106","author":"R Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.568","article-title":"Characterization of the early cellular immune response to Leishmania major using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Leishmania-naive humans","volume":"71","author":"KA Rogers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3317","article-title":"The human cytokine response to Leishmania major early after exposure to the parasite in vitro","volume":"90","author":"KA Rogers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10125","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802331105","article-title":"Quantification of the infectious dose of Leishmania major transmitted to the skin by single sand flies","volume":"105","author":"N Kimblin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1181","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001181","article-title":"Experimental transmission of Leishmania infantum by two major vectors: a comparison between a viscerotropic and a dermotropic strain","volume":"5","author":"C Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.05.014","article-title":"Leishmania infantum proteophosphoglycans regurgitated by the bite of its natural sand fly vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, promote parasite establishment in mouse skin and skin-distant tissues","volume":"12","author":"ME Rogers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1086\/653829","article-title":"T-bet, GATA-3, and Foxp3 expression and Th1\/Th2 cytokine production in the clinical outcome of human infection with Leishmania (Viannia) species","volume":"202","author":"YR Diaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01501.x","article-title":"Differential induction of cellular responses by live and dead Leishmania promastigotes in healthy donors","volume":"124","author":"S Nylen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.58.10.3163-3167.1990","article-title":"Functional and phenotypic changes in human lymphocytes after coincubation with Leishmania donovani in vitro","volume":"58","author":"L Hviid","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000300015","article-title":"T cell response of asymptomatic Leishmania chagasi infected subjects to recombinant leishmania antigens","volume":"94","author":"SR Costa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.123","article-title":"Leishmania chagasi antigens recognized in cured visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic infection","volume":"46","author":"AC White Jr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00143-12","article-title":"Reassessment of immune correlates in human visceral leishmaniasis as defined by cytokine release in whole blood","volume":"19","author":"OP Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4560","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400983101","article-title":"Human IL-23-producing type 1 macrophages promote but IL-10-producing type 2 macrophages subvert immunity to (myco)bacteria","volume":"101","author":"FA Verreck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.2220","article-title":"Human anti-inflammatory macrophages induce Foxp3+ GITR+ CD25+ regulatory T cells, which suppress via membrane-bound TGFbeta-1","volume":"181","author":"ND Savage","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.08.006","article-title":"Upregulation of TGF-beta, FOXP3, and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells correlates with more rapid parasite growth in human malaria infection","volume":"23","author":"M Walther","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01768-07","article-title":"Natural regulatory T cells and persistent viral infection","volume":"82","author":"S Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02691.x","article-title":"Circulating CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells correlate with chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"123","author":"G Peng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-432153","article-title":"Control of regulatory T cells is necessary for vaccine-like effects of antiviral immunotherapy by monoclonal antibodies","volume":"121","author":"R Nasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.025","article-title":"Heterologous priming-boosting with DNA and vaccinia virus expressing kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 induces potent cellular immune response and confers protection against infection with antimony resistant and sensitive strains of Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani","volume":"31","author":"R Guha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202ra121","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006406","article-title":"Vaccination with leishmania hemoglobin receptor-encoding DNA protects against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"5","author":"R Guha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.080","article-title":"Case study for a vaccine against leishmaniasis","volume":"31","author":"J Alvar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2517","article-title":"IL-10 from regulatory T cells determines vaccine efficacy in murine Leishmania major infection","volume":"175","author":"CB Stober","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001171","article-title":"Foxp3 and IL-10 expression correlates with parasite burden in lesional tissues of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients","volume":"5","author":"GK Katara","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200940117","article-title":"The Tregs' world according to GARP","volume":"39","author":"M Battaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0901-816","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in the control of immune pathology","volume":"2","author":"KJ Maloy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939684","article-title":"Membrane protein GARP is a receptor for latent TGF-beta on the surface of activated human Treg","volume":"39","author":"J Stockis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.5.629","article-title":"Cell contact-dependent immunosuppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells is mediated by cell surface-bound transforming growth factor beta","volume":"194","author":"K Nakamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2008.55","article-title":"Dendritic cells and C-type lectin receptors: coupling innate to adaptive immune responses","volume":"86","author":"SJ van Vliet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1246","article-title":"Dendritic-cell control of pathogen-driven T-cell polarization","volume":"3","author":"ML Kapsenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23120","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023120","article-title":"Antimonial resistance in Leishmania donovani is associated with increased in vivo parasite burden","volume":"6","author":"M Vanaerschot","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203518","article-title":"Leishmania-infected MHC class IIhigh dendritic cells polarize CD4+ T cells toward a nonprotective T-bet+ IFN-gamma+ IL-10+ phenotype","volume":"191","author":"M Resende","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002827","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002827","article-title":"IL-10-producing Th1 cells and disease progression are regulated by distinct CD11c(+) cell populations during visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"BM Owens","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000555","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000555","article-title":"Proteophosophoglycans regurgitated by Leishmania-infected sand flies target the L-arginine metabolism of host macrophages to promote parasite survival","volume":"5","author":"M Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153557","article-title":"Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents","volume":"58","author":"PD Ready","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00110","article-title":"The immune response to sand fly salivary proteins and its influence on leishmania immunity","volume":"3","author":"R Gomes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002995","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T10:38:48Z","timestamp":1598092728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002995"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Genevieve","family":"Milon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002995","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]}}}