{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:37:04Z","timestamp":1793644624873,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]],"date-time":"2014-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406160000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]],"date-time":"2014-07-24T21:55:43Z","timestamp":1406238943000},"page":"e3008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Brucellosis as an Emerging Threat in Developing Economies: Lessons from Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Marie J.","family":"Ducrotoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson J.","family":"Bertu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reuben A.","family":"Ocholi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amahyel M.","family":"Gusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ward","family":"Bryssinckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Welburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Moriy\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2197","article-title":"Economics of brucellosis impact and control in low-income countries","volume":"32","author":"J McDermott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Dalrymple-Champneys W (1960) Prognosis. <italic>Brucella<\/italic> infection and undulant fever in man. Oxford &amp; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 151\u2013155."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinsstag J, Schelling E, Solera J, Blasco JM, Moriy\u00f3n I (2011) Brucellosis. In: Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Torgeson PR, Brown DG, editors. Handbook of Zoonoses. Oxford &amp; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 54\u201362.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198570028.003.0007"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001865","article-title":"Global burden of human brucellosis: A systematic review of disease frequency","volume":"6","author":"AS Dean","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"437","article-title":"Zoonoses in the Mediterranean region","volume":"42","author":"A Seimenis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8399","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208059110","article-title":"Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change","volume":"110","author":"BA Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2186","article-title":"Persistence of brucellosis in pastoral systems","volume":"32","author":"V Racloz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"ILRI (2012) Mapping of poverty and likely zoonoses hotspots. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI. 1 p. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/handle\/10568\/21161\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/handle\/10568\/21161<\/ext-link>. Accessed 27 June 2014."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2006.04.005","article-title":"Climatic change and rural\u2013urban migration: The case of sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"60","author":"S Barrios","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urban Econ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2008.08.006","article-title":"Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change","volume":"12","author":"PG Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00249-3","article-title":"Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, control and impact","volume":"90","author":"JJ McDermott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"15","article-title":"Brucellosis in Nigeria. A review","volume":"11","author":"RA Ocholi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trop Vet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.95.3.54","article-title":"Bovine brucellosis in Nigeria","volume":"95","author":"GO Esuruoso","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"45","article-title":"Serological investigations of camels (<italic>Camelus dromedarius<\/italic>) slaughtered at Kano municipal abattoir for evidence of brucellosis","volume":"18","author":"NN Adamu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trop Vet"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Aregheore EM (2009) Country Pasture\/Forage Resource Profiles. Rome: FAO. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/agp\/AGPC\/doc\/Counprof\/PDF%20files\/Nigeria.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/agp\/AGPC\/doc\/Counprof\/PDF%20files\/Nigeria.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 19 June 2014."},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Desertification in the Sahel","author":"R Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Science in the 21st century - An online textbook"},{"issue":"supplement","key":"ref17","first-page":"94","article-title":"Brucellosis of cattle in Nigeria: proposals for a control program under intensive and extensive husbandry systems","volume":"84","author":"EU Rikin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Suleiman H (1988) Policy issues in agropastoral development in Nigeria. Proceedings of the National Conference on Pastoralism in Nigeria. Nigeria: Ahmadu Bello University Zaria."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-239","article-title":"A longitudinal survey of African animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: prevalence, distribution and risk factors","volume":"6","author":"AO Majekodunmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.51791\/njap.v30i1.1827","article-title":"Livestock production pattern of agropastoralists in peri-urban centres of south-west Nigeria","volume":"30","author":"EA Iyayi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nigerian J Anim Prod"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Mohammed TA (1990) A study of peri-urban cattle agro-pastoralism in the derived savanna of Oyo State, southwest Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: ILCA, Humid Zone Programme. 54pp."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(95)00770-9","article-title":"Sheep and goat brucellosis in Borno and Yobe states of arid northeastern Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"F Brisibe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(79)80124-9","article-title":"The investigation and control of a large-scale community outbreak of brucellosis in Nigeria","volume":"93","author":"OK Alausa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.51791\/njap.v30i1.1845","article-title":"Bacteriological investigation of sheep and goat milk for brucellosis in government farms in Northern Nigeria","volume":"30","author":"JO Bale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nigerian J Anim Prod"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"54","article-title":"Brucellosis: the situation in Western Nigeria","volume":"28","author":"OK Alausa","year":"1976","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.07.014","article-title":"Meta-analytical equivalence studies on diagnostic tests for bovine brucellosis allowing assessment of a test against a group of comparative tests","volume":"92","author":"M Greiner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02242612","article-title":"Productivity of White Fulani cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. III. Disease and management factors","volume":"12","author":"NB Pullan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-144","article-title":"A large seroprevalence survey of brucellosis in cattle herds under diverse production systems in northern Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"HM Mai","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"333","article-title":"A survey of bovine brucellosis in northern Nigeria (a preliminary communication)","volume":"18","author":"AK Banerjee","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bull Epizoot Dis Afr"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"35","article-title":"Bovine brucellosis in two southern states of Nigeria; II. The incidence and implications of infection in range cattle","volume":"22","author":"GO Esuruoso","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull Epizoot Dis Afr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)31685-8","article-title":"Serological and bacteriological study of bovine <italic>brucellae<\/italic> from livestock investigation and breeding centres in Nigeria","volume":"137","author":"OO Bale","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"29","article-title":"Isolation of <italic>Brucellae<\/italic> from the Nigerian livestock and the typing of such isolates","volume":"26","author":"EN Eze","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bull Anim Hlth Prof Afr"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.06.012","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of <italic>Brucella<\/italic> strains isolated from livestock in Nigeria","volume":"103","author":"RA Ocholi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.02.009","article-title":"Importance of identification and typing of <italic>Brucellae<\/italic> from West African cattle: A review","volume":"164","author":"M Sanogo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-9","article-title":"Evaluation and selection of tandem repeat loci for a <italic>Brucella<\/italic> MLVA typing assay","volume":"6","author":"P Le Fleche","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.88.17.447","article-title":"The Rose Bengal test","volume":"88","author":"G Davies","year":"1971","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.134.16.415","article-title":"Efficacy of different rose bengal and complement fixation antigens for the diagnosis of Brucella melitensis infection in sheep and goats","volume":"134","author":"JM Blasco","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(00)00114-8","article-title":"Epidemiologic issues in the validation of veterinary diagnostic tests","volume":"45","author":"M Greiner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"60","article-title":"Serological survey of <italic>Brucella<\/italic> antibodies in breeding herds","volume":"1","author":"AU Junaidu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotech Res"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Serological investigation of bovine brucellosis in three cattle production systems in Yewa Division, south-western Nigeria","volume":"84","author":"SIB Cadmus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"29","article-title":"<italic>Brucella<\/italic> antibodies in milk and risk factors analysis in pastoralist herds in Jigawa State, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"UM Farouk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Vet Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(13)60081-X","article-title":"Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in northern Plateau State, North Central Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"NA Maurice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Anonymous (1958) Annual report on the Department of Veterinary Services of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1955\u201356. Kaduna: Government Printer."},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"335","article-title":"A serological survey of caprine brucellosis in Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"S Falade","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull Epizoot Dis Afr"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02242624","article-title":"Abortion in sheep near Kano, Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"AE Okoh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1981.tb01754.x","article-title":"<italic>Brucellae<\/italic> isolated from goats","volume":"28","author":"S Falade","year":"1981","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"973","article-title":"Abortion due to <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> in sheep in Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"RA Ocholi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1979.40.09.1307","article-title":"Longitudinal studies of naturally acquired <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> infection in sheep","volume":"40","author":"DW Luchsinger","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Alton GG, Jones LM, Angus RD, Verger JM (1988) Techniques for the brucellosis laboratory. Paris, France: INRA."},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"275","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in goat in Sokoto, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"AU Junaidu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Res J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"251","article-title":"Small ruminant brucellosis in some parts of Northern Nigeria","volume":"36","author":"PA Okewole","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull Anim Hlth Prof Afr"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"123","article-title":"Seroepidemiological survey of <italic>Brucella<\/italic> infection in slaughterhouse goats in Enugu state of Southeastern Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"JI Onunkwo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim Sci Reporter"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/212217a0","article-title":"<italic>Brucella<\/italic> in government-owned livestock in Eastern Nigeria","volume":"212","author":"JW Adams","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"25","article-title":"Serological survey of diseases of cattle, sheep and goats in the Eastern provinces of Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"JW Kramer","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull Epizoot Dis Afr"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"73","article-title":"Serological study of sheep and goat brucellosis in Northern Nigeria","volume":"30","author":"JO Bale","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull Anim Hlth Prof Afr"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1935","article-title":"Sero-epidemiology of brucellosis in small ruminants in Plateau State, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"WJ Bertu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"111","article-title":"Caprine Brucellosis: Serological studies and objectives for control in Nigeria","volume":"92","author":"S Falade","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull Off Int Epizoot"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"163","article-title":"Serological survey of brucellosis in livestock animals and workers in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"SIB Cadmus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr J Biomed Res"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.155.18.566","article-title":"Carpal bursitis associated with <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> in a horse in Nigeria","volume":"155","author":"RA Ocholi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"7","article-title":"Prevalence of <italic>Brucella<\/italic> antibodies in donkeys (<italic>Equus asinus<\/italic>) in Borno and Yobe states, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"MA Sadiq","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sokoto J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1986.tb02240.x","article-title":"Prevalence of <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> and <italic>Brucella canis<\/italic> antibodies in dogs in Nigeria","volume":"27","author":"AA Adesiyun","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4314\/nvj.v25i1.3464","article-title":"<italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> agglutinins in dogs in Zaria, Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"M Osinubi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nigerian Vet J"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v82i1.35","article-title":"Seroprevalence of <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> and <italic>B. canis<\/italic> in household dogs in southwestern Nigeria: a preliminary report","volume":"82","author":"SIB Cadmus","year":"2011","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"53","article-title":"Serological study of brucellosis in local fowls in Northern Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"JO Bale","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Anim Prod Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2006.547.549","article-title":"Brucellosis in local chickens in North Western Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"AU Junaidu","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Poultry Science"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2012.418.420","article-title":"Serological evidence of brucellosis in local chickens in Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"VT Gugong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Short Communication: <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> antibodies in the sera of indigenous and exotic avian species in Nigeria","volume":"58","author":"SIB Cadmus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull Anim Hlth Prof Afr"},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"Rementsova MM (1985) Brucellosis in wild animals. New Delhi: Oxonian Pres Pvt. Ltd."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1997.0277","article-title":"Brucellosis in camels","volume":"37","author":"AC Kudi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"135","article-title":"Prevalence of brucellosis in nomadic herds of dromedaries in Borno State, Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"NB Adamu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Camel Practice Res"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"119","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of camel (<italic>Camelus dromedarius<\/italic>) brucellosis in semi arid zones of North of North-Eastern Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"TN Egbe-Nwiyi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trop Vet"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"64","article-title":"A preliminary report on the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in camels (<italic>Camelus dromedarius<\/italic>) in Maiduguri","volume":"5","author":"LT Zaria","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zariya Vet"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000020","article-title":"A review on camel brucellosis: a zoonosis sustained by ignorance and indifference","volume":"106","author":"LD Sprague","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237805","article-title":"A survey of brucellosis in camels in Kano, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"AE Okoh","year":"1979","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"229","article-title":"Epidemiological investigations of brucellosis in one humped camels (<italic>Camel dromedarius<\/italic>) in lake Chad area of Borno Satate, Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"MA Sadiq","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Camel Practice Res"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e950","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000950","article-title":"The rose bengal test in human brucellosis: a neglected test for the diagnosis of a neglected disease","volume":"5","author":"R D\u00edaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"343","article-title":"Immunoglobulines bovines et brucellose. II. Activit\u00e9 des IgG1, IgG2 et IgM du s\u00e9rum dans las r\u00e9actions d&apos;agglutination, de Coombs, de fixation du compl\u00e9ment et dans le test au rose bengale","volume":"5","author":"D Levieux","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann Rech Vet"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/363446a0","article-title":"Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains","volume":"363","author":"C Hamers-Casterman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/640","article-title":"Production characteristics, disease prevalence, and herd-health management of pigs in Southeast Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"JA Nwanta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"193","article-title":"Swine brucellosis: bacteriological and serological investigation of naturally infected pigs from six piggeries in northern Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"OOJ Bale","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Anim Prod Res"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"57","article-title":"An abattoir-based study on serodiagnosis of swine brucellosis in Makurdi, Benue State, North-Central Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"EO Ngbede","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Res"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"1","article-title":"Performance of skin tests with allergens from <italic>B. melitensis<\/italic> B115 and rough <italic>B. abortus<\/italic> mutants for diagnosing swine brucellosis","author":"L Dieste-P\u00e9rez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1981.tb01803.x","article-title":"Studies on <italic>Brucella melitensis<\/italic> Rev. 1 vaccine in goats","volume":"28","author":"S Falade","year":"1981","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"86","article-title":"Settling the nomads in Wase-Zange grazing reserves in the Sudan Savannah zone of Nigeria III. Estimated financial losses due to bovine brucellosis","volume":"19","author":"I Ajogi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nigerian Vet J"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"40","article-title":"Settling the nomads in Wase and Wawa-Zange grazing reserves in the Sudan savannah zone of Nigeria IV: strategies for the control of bovine brucellosis","volume":"19","author":"I Ajogi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nigerian Vet J"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"867","article-title":"Economic losses associated with reproductive disorders of cows in settled cattle herds in Zaria, Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"IU Ate","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1941.11685103","article-title":"Undulant fever in Nigeria","volume":"35","author":"BGT Elmes","year":"1941","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasit"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"172","article-title":"Antibodies against brucellae in the sera of healthy persons in various parts of Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"P Collard","year":"1962","journal-title":"West Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"3","article-title":"A sample survey to estimate the prevalence of certain communicable diseases in Katsina province, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"P Collard","year":"1962","journal-title":"West Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(75)90165-0","article-title":"<italic>Brucella<\/italic> seroreactivity in Western Nigeria: an epidemiological study","volume":"69","author":"OK Alausa","year":"1975","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref91","unstructured":"Ofukwu AR, Yohanna CA, Abuh H A (2007) <italic>Brucella<\/italic> infection among hospital patients in Makurdi, North Central Nigeria. Medicine on line. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.priory.com\/med\/brucella.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.priory.com\/med\/brucella.htm<\/ext-link>. Accessed 27 June 2014."},{"issue":"special edition","key":"ref92","first-page":"73","article-title":"Settling the nomads in Wase Wase-Zange grazing reserves in the Sudan Savannah zone of Nigeria. I. Livestock, grazing and water resources","volume":"1","author":"I Ajogi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nigerian Vet J"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"169","article-title":"Cash-flow model of the cost of brucellosis in traditionally managed cattle herds in Nigeria","volume":"49","author":"I Ajogi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull Anim Hlth Prof Afr"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"81","article-title":"The control of neglected zoonotic diseases in Nigeria through animal intervention","volume":"14","author":"DO Ehizibolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr J Biomed Res"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.04.007","article-title":"Brucellosis at the animal\/ecosystem\/human interface at the beginning of the 21st century","volume":"102","author":"J Godfroid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3406\/cea.1994.2048","article-title":"Coming to terms. Interactions between immigrant Fulani cattle-keepers and indigenous farmers in Nigeria&apos;s subhumid zone","volume":"34","author":"A Waters-Bayer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cahiers d'\u00e9tudes africaines"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(91)90052-O","article-title":"The production performance of imported Friesian cattle under heavy <italic>Trypanosoma challenge<\/italic> in a rain forest zone of Nigeria","volume":"147","author":"BM Anene","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"863","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in puerperal cows and its public health implications in Zaria. Northern Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"IU Ate","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"147","article-title":"A serological survey of bovine brucellosis in dairy herds in the Western State of Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"GO Esuruoso","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Agriculture"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"269","article-title":"Bovine brucellosis in two southern states of Nigeria. I. An investigation of selected herds","volume":"20","author":"GO Esuruoso","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull Epizoot Dis Afr"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3923\/aje.2008.24.28","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in prison farm in Sokoto, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"AU Junaidu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"12","article-title":"Incidence and seasonal prevalence among an occupationally-exposed population to brucellosis","volume":"32","author":"OK Alausa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"11","article-title":"Bovine brucellosis in Lagos State of Nigeria","volume":"28","author":"GO Esuruoso","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull Anim Hlth Prof Afr"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"26","article-title":"Prevalence of <italic>Brucella<\/italic> antibodies in migratory Fulani cattle herds in Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"EU Mbuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nigerian Vet J"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1996.9694606","article-title":"Use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening cattle for <italic>Brucella<\/italic> antibodies in Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"RA Ocholi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"62","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies in marketed milk in Jos and environs","volume":"4","author":"WJ Bertu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr J Food Sci"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bovine brucellosis in Northern Nigeria: A serological survey","volume":"4","author":"S Nuru","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Nigerian Vet Med Asoc"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-0011-2","article-title":"Serological evidence for brucellosis in <italic>Bos indicus<\/italic> in Nigeria","volume":"44","author":"WJ Bertu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"21","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in slaughtered cattle in four Northern states of Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"I Ajogi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop Vet"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v81i1.96","article-title":"Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in trade cattle slaughtered in Ibadan, Nigeria, from 2004\u20132006","volume":"81","author":"SIB Cadmus","year":"2010","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"557","article-title":"Co-infection of brucellosis and tuberculosis in slaughtered cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria: a case report","volume":"44","author":"SIB Cadmus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v79i3.256","article-title":"The use of the milk ring test and rose bengal test in brucellosis control and eradication in Nigeria","volume":"79","author":"SIB Cadmus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref113","first-page":"30","article-title":"Prevalence of <italic>Brucella<\/italic> antibodies in animals and butchers at Jos abattoir, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"AM Gusi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vom J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"53","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in trade cattle slaughtered in Thadan, Nigeria","volume":"48","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull Anim Hlth Prof Afr"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"9","article-title":"Application of competitive ELISA (Compelisa) rose bengal plate test (RBPT) and serum agglutination test (SAT) for detection of antibodies to <italic>Brucella<\/italic> infection in slaughter cattle in Sokoto, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"AU Junaidu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sahel J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"158","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic> agglutinins in slaughtered cattle in Ibadan","volume":"12","author":"GAT Ogundipe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trop Vet"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"64","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in ruminants in Bauchi and environs","volume":"20","author":"LM Shehu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nigerian Vet J"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"55","article-title":"Prevalence of brucellosis in food animals slaughtered at Damaturu abattoir, Yobe State, Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"AO Tijjani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sahel J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref119","first-page":"43","article-title":"Brucellosis in trade cattle in Lagos state: An investigation of two abattoirs","volume":"29","author":"SIB Cadmus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nigerian Vet J"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1987.9694080","article-title":"The prevalence of antibodies of <italic>Brucella abortus<\/italic>, <italic>Dermatophilus congolensis<\/italic> and bovine leukaemia virus in Nigerian slaughter cattle","volume":"9","author":"A Oyejide","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"383","article-title":"Studies on sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis in Enugu and Nsukka, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"CC Chukwu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zariya Vet"},{"key":"ref122","article-title":"Brucellosis outbreak in a flock of seventeen sheep in Zaria","volume":"7","author":"II Onoja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull Anim Hlth Prof Afr"},{"key":"ref123","first-page":"27","article-title":"Serological prevalence of brucellosis in sheep goats and human beings in Maiduguri Metropolis","volume":"11","author":"F Brisibe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trop Vet"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/963673","article-title":"Serological evidence of brucellosis in goats in Kaduna North senatorial district of Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"2013","author":"BY Kaltungo","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref125","first-page":"184","article-title":"Sero-epidemiology and perception of human brucellosis in Calabar, Nigeria","volume":"42","author":"MF Useh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"ref126","first-page":"251","article-title":"Subclinical human <italic>Brucella<\/italic> infection in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"OK Alausa","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"ref127","first-page":"158","article-title":"Serological evidence of brucellosis among predisposed patients with pyrexia of unknown origin in the North Eastern Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"MM Baba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"ref128","first-page":"21","article-title":"<italic>Brucella<\/italic> agglutinating antibodies in the sera of persons dwelling in Ibadan and the surrounding districts","volume":"3","author":"S Falade","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Nigerian Vet Med Asoc"},{"key":"ref129","first-page":"493","article-title":"Serological investigations in Nigeria for anthropozoonoses in human sera: brucellosis, echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, chlamydial diseases, listeriosis, rickettsiosis (<italic>Coxiella burneti<\/italic> and <italic>Rickettsia conori<\/italic>)","volume":"31","author":"W Sixl","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(77)80018-8","article-title":"Brucellosis: epidemiology and practical problems of control in Nigeria","volume":"91","author":"OK Alausa","year":"1977","journal-title":"Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T23:03:00Z","timestamp":1746313380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003008"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"John Andrew","family":"Crump","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]]}}}