{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T03:18:58Z","timestamp":1762917538753},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407369600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T18:34:24Z","timestamp":1407436464000},"page":"e3011","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Screen-and-Treat Strategy Targeting Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV-Infected Individuals in Endemic East African Countries: The Way Forward?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"van Griensven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ermias","family":"Diro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rogelio","family":"Lopez-Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koert","family":"Ritmeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ed E.","family":"Zijlstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asrat","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutgarde","family":"Lynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.03.005","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"26","author":"J van Griensven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00061-07","article-title":"The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years","volume":"21","author":"J Alvar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.436","article-title":"Clinicoepidemiologic characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival analysis of patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and Leishmania in an area of Madrid, Spain","volume":"58","author":"R Lopez-Velez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200101000-00006","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected patients. A comparative study","volume":"80","author":"V Pintado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199212000-00013","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-1-infected individuals: a common opportunistic infection in Spain?","volume":"6","author":"FJ Medrano","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(90)93933-J","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Co-operative Group for the Study of Leishmaniasis in AIDS","volume":"21","author":"C Montalban","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/77.2.1101","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infection and AIDS: clinical features and response to therapy","volume":"77","author":"BS Peters","year":"1990","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90476-X","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV-1 co-infection in southern France","volume":"89","author":"E Rosenthal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02550.x","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of patients with visceral leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection in northwest Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Z Hurissa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e152","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir674","article-title":"Limited effectiveness of high-dose liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in an Ethiopian population with high HIV prevalence","volume":"53","author":"K Ritmeijer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1086\/587899","article-title":"Concordant HIV infection and visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: the influence of antiretroviral treatment and other factors on outcome","volume":"46","author":"R ter Horst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"WHO (2011) Rapid advice: Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Cryptococcal Disease in HIV-infected Adults, Adolescents and Children. Geneva: Word Health Organization."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31824c837e","article-title":"Integrating cryptococcal antigen screening and pre-emptive treatment into routine HIV care","volume":"59","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir613","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel point-of-care cryptococcal antigen test on serum, plasma, and urine from patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"53","author":"JN Jarvis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205030-00009","article-title":"Cryptococcal infection in a cohort of HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults","volume":"16","author":"N French","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01874.x","article-title":"Asymptomatic serum cryptococcal antigenemia and early mortality during antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda","volume":"12","author":"CA Liechty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1086\/597262","article-title":"Screening for cryptococcal antigenemia in patients accessing an antiretroviral treatment program in South Africa","volume":"48","author":"JN Jarvis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182255dc2","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of mortality and the effect of tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a cohort of TB\/HIV patients commencing antiretroviral therapy","volume":"58","author":"W Worodria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.05.012","article-title":"Importance of worldwide asymptomatic carriers of Leishmania infantum (L. chagasi) in human","volume":"119","author":"G Michel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-153","article-title":"Evaluation of PCR procedures for detecting and quantifying Leishmania donovani DNA in large numbers of dried human blood samples from a visceral leishmaniasis focus in Northern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"I Abbasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1179\/000349809X12554106963555","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Aba-Roba, south-western Ethiopia: prevalence and incidence of active and subclinical infections","volume":"103","author":"A Hailu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001813","article-title":"Factors associated with Leishmania asymptomatic infection: results from a cross-sectional survey in highland northern Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"E Custodio","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0196","article-title":"Usefulness of the rK39-immunochromatographic test, direct agglutination test, and leishmanin skin test for detecting asymptomatic Leishmania infection in children in a new visceral leishmaniasis focus in Amhara State, Ethiopia","volume":"86","author":"E Gadisa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1993.11812749","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. Cross-sectional leishmanin skin test in an endemic locality","volume":"87","author":"A Ali","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu102","article-title":"Asymptomatic leishmania infection: A new challenge for leishmania control","volume":"58","author":"OP Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"WHO (2010) Control of the leishmaniasis. Report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22\u201326 March 2010. WHO technical report series 949. Geneva: World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60666-6","article-title":"Prognosis of patients with HIV-1 infection starting antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: a collaborative analysis of scale-up programmes","volume":"376","author":"M May","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90081-0","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: use of the polymerase chain reaction in an epidemiological study in Baringo District, Kenya","volume":"89","author":"KU Schaefer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652013000200006","article-title":"Use of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area","volume":"55","author":"LA Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.545","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum kinetoplast DNA in peripheral blood from asymptomatic individuals at risk for parenterally transmitted infections: relationship between polymerase chain reaction results and other Leishmania infection markers","volume":"70","author":"J Martin-Sanchez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00921-06","article-title":"Use of noninvasive markers to detect Leishmania infection in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"44","author":"JA Garcia-Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1665","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001665","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of serologic and molecular methods for detecting visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infected patients: meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"GF Cota","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0527","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Real-Time PCR for the Clinical Management of Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"89","author":"I Molina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.01.008","article-title":"High frequency of asymptomatic Leishmania spp. infection among HIV-infected patients living in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"106","author":"M Orsini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"899","article-title":"Evaluation of a latex agglutination test (KAtex) for detection of Leishmania antigen in urine of patients with HIV-Leishmania coinfection: value in diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up","volume":"23","author":"C Riera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.05.002","article-title":"Field evaluation of FD-DAT, rK39 dipstick and KATEX (urine latex agglutination) for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest Ethiopia","volume":"101","author":"E Diro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-103","article-title":"Point-of-care detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in urine for diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis: a state of the art review","volume":"12","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.009","article-title":"Utility of the microculture method for Leishmania detection in non-invasive samples obtained from a blood bank","volume":"128","author":"SC Ates","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00068-1","article-title":"Leishmania donovani in blood smears of asymptomatic persons","volume":"76","author":"MC Sharma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01733-09","article-title":"Evaluation of blood agar microtiter plates for culturing leishmania parasites to titrate parasite burden in spleen and peripheral blood of patients with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"48","author":"R Maurya","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001284","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections in high-endemic foci in India and Nepal: a prospective study","volume":"5","author":"B Ostyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002657","article-title":"Strong association between serological status and probability of progression to clinical visceral leishmaniasis in prospective cohort studies in India and Nepal","volume":"8","author":"E Hasker","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.3.758","article-title":"rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"173","author":"R Badaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X252278","article-title":"A community-based, comparative evaluation of direct agglutination and rK39 strip tests in the early detection of subclinical Leishmania donovani infection","volume":"102","author":"PK Sinha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.929","article-title":"Field evaluation of rK39 test and direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a population with high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in Ethiopia","volume":"80","author":"R ter Horst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01701531","article-title":"Comparison of the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test and the direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected subjects","volume":"15","author":"L Nigro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199816000-00009","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniosis in HIV-positive patients: primary infection, reactivation and latent infection. Impact of the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts","volume":"12","author":"J Kubar","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812869","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. IV. Prevalence, incidence and relation of infection to disease in an endemic area","volume":"88","author":"A Ali","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00832.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Leishmania donovani infection in two villages in an endemic area in eastern Sudan","volume":"7","author":"EA Khalil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.826","article-title":"Endemic kala-azar in eastern Sudan: a longitudinal study on the incidence of clinical and subclinical infection and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"51","author":"EE Zijlstra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0605","article-title":"Quantiferon-Leishmania as an epidemiological tool for evaluating the exposure to Leishmania infection","volume":"83","author":"N Turgay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2174\/092986609788167842","article-title":"Chitinases: biomarkers for human diseases","volume":"16","author":"SP Guan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Protein Pept Lett"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e252","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000252","article-title":"Macrophage and T-cell gene expression in a model of early infection with the protozoan Leishmania chagasi","volume":"2","author":"NA Ettinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762007005000069","article-title":"T-cell responses associated with resistance to Leishmania infection in individuals from endemic areas for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis","volume":"102","author":"RC Bittar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.06.015","article-title":"T cell subset and cytokine profiles in human visceral leishmaniasis during active and asymptomatic or sub-clinical infection with Leishmania donovani","volume":"117","author":"A Hailu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03105.x","article-title":"Soluble CD26\/CD30 levels in visceral leishmaniasis: markers of disease activity","volume":"145","author":"S Ajdary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01408.x","article-title":"Serum neopterin concentrations during treatment of leishmaniasis: useful as test of cure?","volume":"27","author":"FF Hamerlinck","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2011.626868","article-title":"Soluble CD163","volume":"72","author":"HJ Moller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0180","article-title":"Cytokine responses to novel antigens in a peri-urban population in Brazil exposed to Leishmania infantum chagasi","volume":"87","author":"CB Stober","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00733.x","article-title":"Dynamics of serum cytokines in patients with visceral leishmaniasis and HIV-1 co-infection","volume":"114","author":"FJ Medrano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.07.004","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and the pathogenesis of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"S Nylen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-84","article-title":"Assessing the human immune system through blood transcriptomics","volume":"8","author":"D Chaussabel","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2011.12.009","article-title":"Translational research in infectious disease: current paradigms and challenges ahead","volume":"159","author":"JM Fontana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0157-6","article-title":"Candidate biomarkers for discrimination between infection and disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"85","author":"M Jacobsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001538","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001538","article-title":"Detection of Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected and -Uninfected African Adults Using Whole Blood RNA Expression Signatures: A Case-Control Study","volume":"10","author":"M Kaforou","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"CDC (2013) Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70011-6","article-title":"Combination therapy for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"J van Griensven","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0594","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis treated with antimonials\/paromomycin followed by itraconazole\/miltefosine after standard therapy failures in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient","volume":"83","author":"P Barragan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.5.1042","article-title":"Fluconazole plus allopurinol in treatment of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"37","author":"D Torrus","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709465","article-title":"Itraconazole as maintenance therapy for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"17","author":"G Angarano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90281-F","article-title":"Maintenance itraconazole for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infection","volume":"92","author":"A Lafeuillade","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001987","article-title":"Imipramine is an orally active drug against both antimony sensitive and resistant Leishmania donovani clinical isolates in experimental infection","volume":"6","author":"S Mukherjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119re111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003326","article-title":"The anti-trypanosome drug fexinidazole shows potential for treating visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"S Wyllie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"175","article-title":"Drug discovery and development for neglected diseases: the DNDi model","volume":"5","author":"E Chatelain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.12.008","article-title":"Parasitic genotypes appear to differ in leishmaniasis patients compared with asymptomatic related carriers","volume":"43","author":"M Hide","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref76","unstructured":"WHO (2006) Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: Recommendations for a public health approach, 2006 Revision. Geneva: Word Health Organization."},{"key":"ref77","unstructured":"WHO (2006) Guidelines on co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-related infection among children, adolescents and adults: recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01146.x","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of persistence of intracellular pathogens: leishmaniasis as an example","volume":"10","author":"C Bogdan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05615.x","article-title":"Dissemination of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in an organ transplant recipient: case report and literature review","volume":"52","author":"A Zandieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835ca9b4","article-title":"Drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and drugs used in the management of neglected tropical diseases: important considerations in the WHO 2020 Roadmap and London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"27","author":"K Seden","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T13:36:13Z","timestamp":1589031373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003011"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jesus G.","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]}}}