{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:57:46Z","timestamp":1789181866187,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]],"date-time":"2014-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408579200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]],"date-time":"2014-08-21T14:26:10Z","timestamp":1408631170000},"page":"e3021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV Coinfection in the Mediterranean Region"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Monge-Maillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca F.","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Alvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogelio","family":"L\u00f3pez-V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2010) Control of the leishmaniases: Report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, 22\u201326 March 2010; Geneva. WHO technical report series, no. .949. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/trs\/WHO_TRS_949_eng.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/trs\/WHO_TRS_949_eng.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 10 June 2014."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team: Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00061-07","article-title":"The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years","volume":"21","author":"J Alvar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"European Centre for Diseases Control, WHO Regional Office for Europe (2012) Surveillance Report. HIV\/AIDS Surveillance in Europe 2012. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0018\/235440\/e96953.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0018\/235440\/e96953.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 10 June 2014"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1086\/518167","article-title":"Clinical use of polymerase chain reaction performed on peripheral blood and bone marrow samples for the diagnosis and monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients: a single-center, 8-year experience in Italy and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"S Antinori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2010.00846.x","article-title":"\u2018Active chronic visceral leishmaniasis\u2019 in HIV-1-infected patients demonstrated by biological and clinical long-term follow-up of 10 patients","volume":"11","author":"N Bourgeois","year":"2010","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0527","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Real-Time PCR for the Clinical Management of Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"89","author":"I Molina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0310","article-title":"Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Spain based on hospitalization records (1997\u20132008)","volume":"85","author":"R Gil-Prieto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803225002615","article-title":"The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on visceral leishmaniasis in Spanish patients who are co-infected with HIV","volume":"97","author":"R Lopez-Velez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199906180-00009","article-title":"Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial comparing meglumine antimoniate with amphotericin B. Spanish HIV-Leishmania Study Group","volume":"13","author":"F Laguna","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg356","article-title":"Amphotericin B lipid complex versus meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with HIV: a randomized pilot study","volume":"52","author":"F Laguna","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0133-0","article-title":"Therapeutic Options for Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"73","author":"B Monge-Maillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20535","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.29.20535","article-title":"The burden of visceral leishmaniasis in Italy from 1982 to 2012: a retrospective analysis of the multi-annual epidemic that occurred from 1989 to 2009","volume":"18","author":"M Gramiccia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803225002534","article-title":"Iso-enzymatic variability of <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> in Spain","volume":"97","author":"C Chicharro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20540","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.30.20540","article-title":"The role of indigenous phlebotomine sandflies and mammals in the spreading of leishmaniasis agents in the Mediterranean region","volume":"18","author":"M Antoniou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.05.006","article-title":"The hare (<italic>Lepus granatensis<\/italic>) as potential sylvatic reservoir of <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> in Spain","volume":"190","author":"R Molina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.51","article-title":"Infection of sand flies by humans coinfected with <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> and human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"60","author":"R Molina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08160-6","article-title":"Leishmania in discarded syringes from intravenous drug users","volume":"359","author":"I Cruz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-199","article-title":"Cryptic <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> infection in Italian HIV infected patients","volume":"9","author":"C Colomba","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1507","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001507","article-title":"Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) of strains from Turkey and Cyprus reveals a novel monophyletic <italic>L. donovani<\/italic> sensu lato group","volume":"6","author":"E Gouzelou","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"World Health Organizationn (2007) Fifth Consultative Meeting on Leishmania\/HIV Co-infection; 20\u201322 March 2007; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. WHO\/CDS\/NTD\/IDM\/2007.5. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/leishmaniasis\/resources\/Leishmaniasis_hiv_coinfection5.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/leishmaniasis\/resources\/Leishmaniasis_hiv_coinfection5.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 18 July 2014."},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the European Region, a WHO consultative intercountry meeting; 17\u201319 November 2009; Istanbul, Turkey","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe (2013) Outlining a strategic framework on Leishmaniasis control\u2014Report of a WHO meeting, Tbilisi, Georgia; 16\u201318 April 2013. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0008\/239426\/OUTLINING-A-STRATEGIC-FRAMEWORK-ON-LEISHMANIASIS-CONTROL.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0008\/239426\/OUTLINING-A-STRATEGIC-FRAMEWORK-ON-LEISHMANIASIS-CONTROL.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 18 July 2014."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(94)90270-4","article-title":"Leishmaniasis and AIDS co-infection: the Spanish example","volume":"10","author":"J Alvar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803225002499","article-title":"Leishmania\/HIV co-infections: epidemiology in Europe","volume":"97","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200101000-00006","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected patients. A comparative study","volume":"80","author":"V Pintado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality (2010) Hospital Discharge Records in the National Health System (CMBD). CMBD date 2010. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.msc.es\/en\/estadEstudios\/estadisticas\/cmbdhome.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.msc.es\/en\/estadEstudios\/estadisticas\/cmbdhome.htm<\/ext-link>. Accessed 28 November 2013."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20546","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.30.20546","article-title":"Re-emergence of leishmaniasis in Spain: community outbreak in Madrid, Spain, 2009 to 2012","volume":"18","author":"A Arce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20535","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.29.20535","article-title":"The burden of visceral leishmaniasis in Italy from 1982 to 2012: a retrospective analysis of the multi-annual epidemic that occurred from 1989 to 2009","volume":"18","author":"M Gramiccia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.12.018","article-title":"Leishmaniases in Maghreb: An endemic neglected disease","volume":"132C","author":"D Chaara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"859","article-title":"Epidemiology of leishmaniases in Portugal","volume":"23","author":"L Campino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3109\/00365541003789473","article-title":"Leishmaniasis, a global concern for travel medicine","volume":"42","author":"R Neghina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2009.12.005","article-title":"Increase of imported Leishmaniasis in the Netherlands: a twelve year overview (1996\u20132007)","volume":"2","author":"T Herremans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2013.12.003","article-title":"Leishmaniasis acquired by travellers to endemic regions in Europe - A EuroTravNet multi-centre study","volume":"12","author":"U Ehehalt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.06.019","article-title":"Leishmaniasis, an emerging infection in travelers","volume":"14","author":"A Pavli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.3.663","article-title":"Atypical leishmaniasis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"21","author":"V Mondain-Miton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199110000-00025","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis involving lung and a cutaneous Kaposi&apos;s sarcoma lesion","volume":"5","author":"J Romeu","year":"1991","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.436","article-title":"Clinicoepidemiologic characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival analysis of patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and Leishmania in an area of Madrid, Spain","volume":"58","author":"R Lopez-Velez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.209","article-title":"AA-amyloidosis caused by visceral leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient","volume":"81","author":"S de Valliere","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90538-6","article-title":"Prolonged Th2 cell activation and increased viral replication in HIV-Leishmania co-infected patients despite treatment","volume":"90","author":"B Cacopardo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(97)93080-2","article-title":"Cutaneous lesions in patients with visceral leishmaniasis and HIV infection","volume":"35","author":"C Postigo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000076009.64510.b8","article-title":"Localized mucosal leishmaniasis due to <italic>Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum<\/italic>: clinical and microbiologic findings in 31 patients","volume":"82","author":"L Aliaga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"164","article-title":"Leishmaniasis and rheumatoid nodulosis in a patient with HIV infection","volume":"101","author":"I Garcia-Rio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0412-4","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis revealed by a squamous cell carcinoma in an HIV-1 infected patient","volume":"41","author":"P Donati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.10.005","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis after visceral disease in a patient with AIDS","volume":"50","author":"L Calza","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-007-6279-5","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis and uveitis in an HIV-positive patient","volume":"36","author":"A Ramos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199816000-00009","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniosis in HIV-positive patients: primary infection, reactivation and latent infection. Impact of the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts","volume":"12","author":"J Kubar","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91255-7","article-title":"Prevalence of Leishmania infection among AIDS patients","volume":"339","author":"J Alvar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00921-06","article-title":"Use of noninvasive markers to detect Leishmania infection in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"44","author":"JA Garcia-Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1665","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001665","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of serologic and molecular methods for detecting visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infected patients: meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"GF Cota","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.929","article-title":"Field evaluation of rK39 test and direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a population with high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in Ethiopia","volume":"80","author":"R ter Horst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.4.2.159","article-title":"Recombinant K39 immunochromatographic test for diagnosis of human leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"R Monno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011) Visceral leishmaniasis rapid diagnostic test performance. Diagnostic Evaluation Series No. 4. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/tdr\/publications\/documents\/vl-rdt-evaluation.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/tdr\/publications\/documents\/vl-rdt-evaluation.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 18 July 2014."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02297-05","article-title":"Comparison of new diagnostic tools for management of pediatric Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"I Cruz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1853-1854.2004","article-title":"Noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test for detection of antigens in urine samples","volume":"42","author":"C Vilaplana","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"899","article-title":"Evaluation of a latex agglutination test (KAtex) for detection of <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> antigen in urine of patients with HIV-Leishmania coinfection: value in diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up","volume":"23","author":"C Riera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5080","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5080-5084.2003","article-title":"Real-time PCR assay for clinical management of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"41","author":"S Bossolasco","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5249-5255.2004","article-title":"Quantification of <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity","volume":"42","author":"C Mary","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1153","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001153","article-title":"Predictors of visceral leishmaniasis relapse in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"GF Cota","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90345-6","article-title":"HIV\u2013<italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> co-infection: humoral and cellular immune responses to the parasite after chemotherapy","volume":"94","author":"J Moreno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318166af5d","article-title":"Long-term monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with AIDS: relapse risk factors, value of polymerase chain reaction, and potential impact on secondary prophylaxis","volume":"48","author":"N Bourgeois","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000300015","article-title":"T cell response of asymptomatic <italic>Leishmania chagasi<\/italic> infected subjects to recombinant leishmania antigens","volume":"94","author":"SR Costa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0605","article-title":"Quantiferon-Leishmania as an epidemiological tool for evaluating the exposure to <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> infection","volume":"83","author":"N Turgay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001042","article-title":"Interferon-gamma release assay (modified QuantiFERON) as a potential marker of infection for <italic>Leishmania donovani<\/italic>, a proof of concept study","volume":"5","author":"K Gidwani","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0479","article-title":"Assessment of interferon-gamma levels and leishmanin skin test results in persons recovered for leishmaniasis","volume":"87","author":"MH Alimohammadian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00143-12","article-title":"Reassessment of immune correlates in human visceral leishmaniasis as defined by cytokine release in whole blood","volume":"19","author":"OP Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00262.x","article-title":"HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"V Pintado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12556","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed individuals","volume":"20","author":"J van Griensven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(96)91343-2","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infected patients: treatment with high dose liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome)","volume":"32","author":"R Russo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(90)93933-J","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Co-operative Group for the Study of Leishmaniasis in AIDS","volume":"21","author":"C Montalban","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701466215","article-title":"Long term failure of miltefosine in the treatment of refractory visceral leishmaniasis in AIDS patients","volume":"40","author":"J Troya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.06.010","article-title":"Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with intravenous pentamidine and oral fluconazole in an HIV-positive patient with chronic renal failure\u2013a case report and brief review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"J Rybniker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006","article-title":"Drug resistance in leishmaniasis","volume":"19","author":"SL Croft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1179\/136485909X451753","article-title":"Successful use of miltefosine and sodium stibogluconate, in combination, for the treatment of an HIV-positive patient with visceral leishmaniasis: a case report and brief review of the literature","volume":"103","author":"P Collini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(94)91643-8","article-title":"Assessment of allopurinol plus meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with HIV","volume":"28","author":"F Laguna","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"197","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B and rHuGM-CSF for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in AIDS","volume":"12","author":"A Mastroianni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1086\/656735","article-title":"Quality and strength of evidence of the Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines","volume":"51","author":"AR Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1086\/319366","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America: Guide to development of practice guidelines","volume":"32","author":"MA Kish","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh084","article-title":"Amphotericin B lipid complex versus no treatment in the secondary prophylaxis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"53","author":"R Lopez-Velez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm294","article-title":"Efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B for secondary prophylaxis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"60","author":"I Molina","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)89503-4","article-title":"Prophylaxis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"100","author":"E Ribera","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.436","article-title":"Clinicoepidemiologic characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival analysis of patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> in an area of Madrid, Spain","volume":"58","author":"R Lopez-Velez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02329.x","article-title":"Pentamidine as secondary prophylaxis for visceral leishmaniasis in the immunocompromised host: report of four cases","volume":"14","author":"TA Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199602000-00023","article-title":"Pentamidine isethionate as secondary prophylaxis against visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients","volume":"10","author":"JA Perez-Molina","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701787800","article-title":"Miltefosine for visceral leishmaniasis relapse treatment and secondary prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"40","author":"N Marques","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709465","article-title":"Itraconazole as maintenance therapy for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"17","author":"G Angarano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90281-F","article-title":"Maintenance itraconazole for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infection","volume":"92","author":"A Lafeuillade","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.5.1338","article-title":"Use of an Itraconazole\/allopurinol combination for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with AIDS","volume":"21","author":"F Raffi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.5.1042","article-title":"Fluconazole plus allopurinol in treatment of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"37","author":"D Torrus","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0594","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis treated with antimonials\/paromomycin followed by itraconazole\/miltefosine after standard therapy failures in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient","volume":"83","author":"P Barragan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200012220-00020","article-title":"Discontinuation of secondary anti-leishmania prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients who have responded to highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"14","author":"J Berenguer","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200003100-00011","article-title":"Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"14","author":"VF Soriano","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70348-1","article-title":"HIV-1 protease inhibitors for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-co-infected individuals","volume":"13","author":"J van Griensven","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.1999.0630","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis during highly active antiretroviral therapy in an AIDS patient infected with <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic>","volume":"40","author":"AL Ridolfo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08157.x","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"157","author":"S Antinori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20545","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.30.20545","article-title":"Molecular typing of <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> isolates from a leishmaniasis outbreak in Madrid, Spain, 2009 to 2012","volume":"18","author":"C Chicharro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20530","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.29.20530","article-title":"Ongoing outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Bologna Province, Italy, November 2012 to May 2013","volume":"18","author":"S Varani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20539","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.30.20539","article-title":"Epidemiological surveillance of leishmaniasis in the European Union: operational and research challenges","volume":"18","author":"L Gradoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125000475","article-title":"The performance of direct agglutination tests (DAT) in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis among Ethiopian patients with HIV co-infection","volume":"96","author":"A Hailu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0714","article-title":"Tropical diseases screening in immigrant patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Spain","volume":"88","author":"F Salvador","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T01:17:48Z","timestamp":1565745468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003021"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jesus G.","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]]}}}