{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:42:51Z","timestamp":1791236571968,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]],"date-time":"2014-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409788800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,5]],"date-time":"2014-09-05T01:57:35Z","timestamp":1409882255000},"page":"e3075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["First Evidence of Intraclonal Genetic Exchange in Trypanosomatids Using Two Leishmania infantum Fluorescent Transgenic Clones"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Calvo-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Velilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"P\u00e9rez-Pertejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Bala\u00f1a-Fouce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Reguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70320-0","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: elimination with existing interventions","volume":"11","author":"G Matlashewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"375","article-title":"<italic>Leishmania<\/italic> and the clonal theory of parasitic protozoa","volume":"70","author":"M Tibayrenc","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.03.007","article-title":"How clonal are <italic>Trypanosoma<\/italic> and <italic>Leishmania<\/italic>?","volume":"29","author":"M Tibayrenc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10224","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904420106","article-title":"Extreme inbreeding in <italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/italic>","volume":"106","author":"V Rougeron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.122945.111","article-title":"Chromosome and gene copy number variation allow major structural change between species and strains of <italic>Leishmania<\/italic>","volume":"21","author":"MB Rogers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004092","article-title":"Genomic confirmation of hybridisation and recent inbreeding in a vector-isolated <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> population","volume":"10","author":"MB Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.06.003","article-title":"Adaptive mechanisms in pathogens: universal aneuploidy in <italic>Leishmania<\/italic>","volume":"28","author":"A Mannaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08185.x","article-title":"Novel insights into genome plasticity in Eukaryotes: mosaic aneuploidy in <italic>Leishmania<\/italic>","volume":"86","author":"Y Sterkers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3305","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212452109","article-title":"Reproductive clonality of pathogens: a perspective on pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasitic protozoa","volume":"109","author":"M1 Tibayrenc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169464","article-title":"Demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> in the sand fly vector","volume":"324","author":"NS Akopyants","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003672","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003672","article-title":"The mating competence of geographically diverse <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic> strains in their natural and unnatural sand fly vectors","volume":"9","author":"E Inbar","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19851","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019851","article-title":"Visualisation of <italic>Leishmania donovani<\/italic> fluorescent hybrids during early stage development in the sand fly vector","volume":"6","author":"J Sadlova","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(06)64001-3","article-title":"Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans","volume":"64","author":"AL Ba\u00f1uls","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.573","article-title":"Multiple hybrid genotypes of <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> (Viannia) in a focus of mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"76","author":"D Nolder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90544-M","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in western Venezuela caused by infection with <italic>Leishmania venezuelensis<\/italic> and <italic>L. braziliensis<\/italic> variants","volume":"86","author":"R Bonfante-Garrido","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761997000500002","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela caused by infection with a new hybrid between <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> (Viannia) <italic>braziliensis<\/italic> and <italic>L<\/italic>. (V.) <italic>guyanensis<\/italic>","volume":"92","author":"O Delgado","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05716.x","article-title":"Evidence for hybridization by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA between <italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/italic> and <italic>Leishmania panamensis\/guyanensis<\/italic> in Ecuador","volume":"44","author":"AL Ba\u00f1uls","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"165","article-title":"Hybrid formation within the genus <italic>Leishmania<\/italic>?","volume":"29","author":"DA Evans","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90049-C","article-title":"Evidence of genetic recombination in <italic>Leishmania<\/italic>","volume":"46","author":"JM Kelly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.06.019","article-title":"First report of genetic hybrids between two very divergent <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> species: <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> and <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic>","volume":"36","author":"C Ravel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.04.026","article-title":"Natural <italic>Leishmania donovani\/Leishmania aethiopica<\/italic> hybrids identified from Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"S Odiwuor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001927","article-title":"Appraisal of a <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic> strain stably expressing mCherry fluorescent protein for both in vitro and in vivo studies of potential drugs and vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"E Calvo-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(00)00210-3","article-title":"Blasticidin resistance: a new independent marker for stable transfection of <italic>Leishmania<\/italic>","volume":"108","author":"S Goyard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00079-3","article-title":"Improvements in transfection efficiency and tests of RNA interference (RNAi) approaches in the protozoan parasite <italic>Leishmania<\/italic>","volume":"128","author":"KA Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6701528","article-title":"Identification of an infective stage of <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> promastigotes","volume":"223","author":"DL Sacks","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1985.tb00098.x","article-title":"A limiting dilution assay for quantifying <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic> in tissues of infected mice","volume":"7","author":"RG Titus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2009.01.001","article-title":"<italic>Leishmania major<\/italic> lacking arginase (ARG) are auxotrophic for polyamines but retain infectivity to susceptible BALB\/c mice","volume":"165","author":"RM Reguera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.2.907","article-title":"Effect of <italic>in vivo<\/italic> inhibition of nitric oxide production in murine leishmaniasis","volume":"151","author":"TG Evans","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-43","article-title":"Intraclonal mating occurs during tsetse transmission of <italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/italic>","volume":"2","author":"L Peacock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90069-V","article-title":"Trisomy and chromosome size changes in hybrid trypanosomes from a genetic cross between <italic>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/italic> and <italic>T. b. brucei<\/italic>","volume":"51","author":"W Gibson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-4","article-title":"The use of yellow fluorescent hybrids to indicate mating in <italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/italic>","volume":"1","author":"W Gibson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00103-6","article-title":"Analysis of ploidy (in megabase chromosomes) in <italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/italic> after genetic exchange","volume":"104","author":"M Hope","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.4.1599","article-title":"Plasticity in chromosome number and testing of essential genes in <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> by targeting","volume":"90","author":"AK Cruz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112680","article-title":"The genome of the kinetoplastid parasite, <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic>","volume":"309","author":"AC Ivens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.06.011","article-title":"Evolution of eukaryotic microbial pathogens via covert sexual reproduction","volume":"8","author":"J Heitman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.04.009","article-title":"Allelic segregation and independent assortment in <italic>T. brucei<\/italic> crosses: Proof that the genetic system is Mendelian and involves meiosis","volume":"143","author":"A MacLeod","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019423108","article-title":"Identification of the meiotic life cycle stage of <italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/italic> in the tsetse fly","volume":"108","author":"L Peacock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.11.044","article-title":"Meiosis and haploid gametes in the pathogen <italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/italic>","volume":"24","author":"L Peacock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1684","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001684","article-title":"Local increase of arginase activity in lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"T Abebe","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7366","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.11.7366-7374.2005","article-title":"Effects of ploidy and mating type on virulence of <italic>Candida albicans<\/italic>","volume":"73","author":"AS Ibrahim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004741","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463443200000}}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003075","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T11:18:17Z","timestamp":1689506297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003075"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paul Andrew","family":"Bates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003075","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004741","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]]}}}