{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:50:27Z","timestamp":1782885027030,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T18:45:47Z","timestamp":1422557147000},"page":"e0003422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Onchocerciasis Vaccine for Africa\u2014TOVA\u2014Initiative"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Hotez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Bottazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Makepeace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Klei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lustigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Bank (2014) World Bank Live, River Blindness: 40th Anniversary Summit. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/live.worldbank.org\/river-blindness\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/live.worldbank.org\/river-blindness<\/ext-link>. Accessed 21 Jun 2014."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014) Media Centre, Onchocerciasis. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs374\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs374\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 21 June 2014."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2032","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002032","article-title":"African Programme For Onchocerciasis Control 1995\u20132015: model-estimated health impact and cost","volume":"7","author":"LE Coffeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1825","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001825","article-title":"Proof-of-principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: final results of a study in Mali and Senegal","volume":"6","author":"MO Traore","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012) World Health Organization\u2019s 2020 Roadmap on NTDs. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/NTD_RoadMap_2012_Fullversion.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/NTD_RoadMap_2012_Fullversion.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed June 21, 2014."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-307","article-title":"Innovative tools for assessing risks for severe adverse events in areas of overlapping Loa loa and other filarial distributions: the application of micro-stratification mapping","volume":"7","author":"LA Kelly-Hope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"key":"ref7","author":"J HP Farrar","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000076","article-title":"Ivermectin resistance in Onchocerca volvulus: toward a genetic basis","volume":"1","author":"S Lustigman","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002169","article-title":"Uncertainty surrounding projections of the long-term impact of ivermectin treatment on human onchocerciasis","volume":"7","author":"HC Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu467","article-title":"Reaching the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases Goals for Onchocerciasis: An Economic Evaluation of Increasing the Frequency of Ivermectin Treatment in Africa. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"59","author":"HC Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002953","article-title":"A randomized, single-ascending-dose, ivermectin-controlled, double-blind study of moxidectin in Onchocerca volvulus infection","volume":"8","author":"K Awadzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.76","article-title":"Progress and challenges in the discovery of macrofilaricidal drugs","volume":"9","author":"TG Geary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert review of anti-infective therapy"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001549","article-title":"A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: intervention for control and elimination","volume":"6","author":"RK Prichard","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e544","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000544","article-title":"Immunisation with a multivalent, subunit vaccine reduces patent infection in a natural bovine model of onchocerciasis during intense field exposure","volume":"3","author":"BL Makepeace","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.04.006","article-title":"Vaccines to combat river blindness: expression, selection and formulation of vaccines against infection with Onchocerca volvulus in a mouse model","volume":"44","author":"JA Hess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.05.003","article-title":"Vaccination with a genetically modified Brugia malayi cysteine protease inhibitor-2 reduces adult parasite numbers and affects the fertility of female worms following a subcutaneous challenge of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with B. malayi infective larvae","volume":"44","author":"S Arumugam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1968","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001968","article-title":"Deletion of parasite immune modulatory sequences combined with immune activating signals enhances vaccine mediated protection against filarial nematodes","volume":"6","author":"SA Babayan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Parasitic Helminths: Targets, Screens, Drugs and Vaccines","author":"S MJ Lustigman","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014) African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), Technical Consultative Committee (TCC). <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/apoc\/about\/structure\/tcc\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/apoc\/about\/structure\/tcc\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 28 Jun 2014."}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T13:56:08Z","timestamp":1540216568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003422"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Roger K","family":"Prichard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003422","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]]}}}