{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:51:18Z","timestamp":1791899478934,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]],"date-time":"2015-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]],"date-time":"2015-02-19T18:47:31Z","timestamp":1424371651000},"page":"e0003525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Toxoplasmosis and Epilepsy \u2014 Systematic Review and Meta Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Edgard B.","family":"Ngoungou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devender","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandine","family":"Nzoghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Laure","family":"Dard\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Marie","family":"Preux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02481.x","article-title":"Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach","volume":"51","author":"AK Ngugi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.11.019","article-title":"The social and economic impacts of epilepsy on women in Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"MA Komolafe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70003-6","article-title":"Prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa and associated risk factors: cross-sectional and case-control studies","volume":"12","author":"AK Ngugi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.07.002","article-title":"Understanding the burden of epilepsy in Latin America: a systematic review of its prevalence and incidence","volume":"66","author":"JG Burneo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00963-9","article-title":"Epidemiology and aetiology of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"4","author":"PM Preux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb01035.x","article-title":"Epilepsy in the tropics: I. Epidemiology, socioeconomic risk factors, and etiology","volume":"37","author":"PR de Bittencourt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"AM Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"39","author":"G Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111732","article-title":"The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review","volume":"91","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2007.05.010","article-title":"Meta-analysis of three case controlled studies and an ecological study into the link between cryptogenic epilepsy and chronic toxoplasmosis infection","volume":"16","author":"BS Palmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2006.12.008","article-title":"Epilepsy and seropositivity rates of Toxocara canis and Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"16","author":"A Akyol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Latent toxoplasmosis and human","volume":"7","author":"A Dalimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X12000600","article-title":"Parasitoses of the human central nervous system","volume":"87","author":"J Finsterer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1982.tb06197.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma, Toxocara, and epilepsy","volume":"23","author":"EM Critchley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1059-1311(02)00256-X","article-title":"Investigation of probable relationship between toxoplasma gondii and cryptogenic epilepsy","volume":"12","author":"S Yazar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"299","article-title":"Toxoplasma infection and epilepsy: A case-control study in Iran","volume":"16","author":"M Zibaei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol Asia"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.2.259","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis: a significant cause of neurological morbidity in Israel?","volume":"20","author":"I Potasman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.25500.x","article-title":"Cryptogenic epilepsy: an infectious etiology?","volume":"42","author":"EW Stommel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3923\/jp.2007.1.12","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: A silent threat in Southeast Asia","volume":"2","author":"N Veeranoot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153366","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii, \u201cnew\u201d genotypes and virulence","volume":"15","author":"ML Darde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2013.06.008","article-title":"Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii strains similar to Africa 1 genotype in Turkey","volume":"62","author":"M Doskaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01077-13","article-title":"Atypical strain of Toxoplasma gondii causing fatal reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantion in a patient with an underlying immunological deficiency","volume":"51","author":"T Stajner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.89","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"4","author":"VL Pereira-Chioccola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e876","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000876","article-title":"Additional haplogroups of Toxoplasma gondii out of Africa: population structure and mouse-virulence of strains from Gabon","volume":"4","author":"A Mercier","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6986.1037","article-title":"Incidence of acute symptomatic toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in south London according to country of birth","volume":"310","author":"RE Gilbert","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.09.007","article-title":"New clinical and experimental insights into Old World and neotropical ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"44","author":"AW Pfaff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2908","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002908","article-title":"Exposure to multiple parasites is associated with the prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-saharan Africa","volume":"8","author":"G Kamuyu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2007.09.004","article-title":"Comment on \u201cEpilepsy and seropositivity rates of Toxocara canis and Toxoplasma gondii\u201d","volume":"17","author":"F Quet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-48","article-title":"Neurological and behavioral abnormalities, ventricular dilatation, altered cellular functions, inflammation, and neuronal injury in brains of mice due to common, persistent, parasitic infection","volume":"5","author":"G Hermes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm008","article-title":"Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the brain","volume":"33","author":"VB Carruthers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050311","article-title":"Host cells of Toxoplasma gondii encystation in infected primary culture from mouse brain","volume":"83","author":"HG Fischer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199611000-00006","article-title":"Growth and development of Toxoplasma gondii in human neurons and astrocytes","volume":"55","author":"SK Halonen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00734512","article-title":"The host-parasite relationship of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of chronically infected mice","volume":"411","author":"DJ Ferguson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608310104","article-title":"Behavioral changes induced by Toxoplasma infection of rodents are highly specific to aversion of cat odors","volume":"104","author":"A Vyas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00535321","article-title":"An ultrastructural study of the early development and tissue cyst formation of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of mice","volume":"73","author":"DJ Ferguson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01459-9","article-title":"Rats, cats, people and parasites: the impact of latent toxoplasmosis on behaviour","volume":"3","author":"JP Webster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1985.11811902","article-title":"Changes in brain concentrations of catecholamines and indoleamines in Toxoplasma gondii infected mice","volume":"79","author":"HH Stibbs","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003051","article-title":"GABAergic signaling is linked to a hypermigratory phenotype in dendritic cells infected by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"JM Fuks","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035516","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii actively inhibits neuronal function in chronically infected mice","volume":"7","author":"F Haroon","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.04.002","article-title":"The role of parasites and pathogens in influencing generalised anxiety and predation-related fear in the mammalian central nervous system","volume":"62","author":"M Kaushik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2010.012","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii-altered host behaviour: clues as to mechanism of action","volume":"57","author":"JP Webster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol (Praha)"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200309097","article-title":"Ionophore-resistant mutant of Toxoplasma gondii reveals involvement of a sodium\/hydrogen exchanger in calcium regulation","volume":"165","author":"G Arrizabalaga","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2008.46.4.209","article-title":"Interaction between parasitophorous vacuolar membrane-associated GRA3 and calcium modulating ligand of host cell endoplasmic reticulum in the parasitism of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"46","author":"JY Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003525","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T21:48:33Z","timestamp":1540331313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003525"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rima","family":"McLeod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003525","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]]}}}