{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:10:52Z","timestamp":1790507452826,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T19:48:25Z","timestamp":1426621705000},"page":"e0003608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Prevalence and Diversity of Small Mammal-Associated Bartonella Species in Rural and Urban Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jo E. B.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darryn L.","family":"Knobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Agwanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Breiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cleaveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Kariuki","family":"Njenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kosoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.03.005","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella<\/italic> bacteria in nature: where does population variability end and a species start?","volume":"12","author":"M Kosoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00713.x","article-title":"Vector transmission of <italic>Bartonella<\/italic> species with emphasis on the potential for tick transmission","volume":"22","author":"SA Billeter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011002113","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella<\/italic> species in bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) from western Africa","volume":"139","author":"SA Billeter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.06.009","article-title":"Global distribution and genetic diversity of <italic>Bartonella<\/italic> in bat flies (Hippoboscoidea, Streblidae, Nycteribiidae)","volume":"12","author":"SF Morse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.702","article-title":"Evolutionary history of rat-borne <italic>Bartonella<\/italic>: the importance of commensal rats in the dissemination of bacterial infections globally","volume":"3","author":"DT Hayman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.428-438.2000","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella<\/italic> infection in animals: Carriership, reservoir potential, pathogenicity, and zoonotic potential for human infection","volume":"13","author":"EB Breitschwerdt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1086\/314824","article-title":"Rats of the genus <italic>Rattus<\/italic> are reservoir hosts for pathogenic <italic>Bartonella<\/italic> species: An Old World origin for a New World disease?","volume":"180","author":"BA Ellis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.2.203","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella<\/italic> spp. as emerging human pathogens","volume":"10","author":"BE Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1306.061337","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella<\/italic> species in blood of immunocompetent persons with animal and arthropod contact","volume":"13","author":"EB Breitschwerdt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1604.090699","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella<\/italic> spp. infections, Thailand","volume":"16","author":"S Bhengsri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0778","article-title":"Identification of <italic>Bartonella<\/italic> infections in febrile human patients from Thailand and their potential animal reservoirs","volume":"82","author":"M Kosoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3385","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003385","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella henselae<\/italic> Endocarditis in Laos\u2014&apos;The Unsought Will Go Undetected&apos;","volume":"8","author":"S Rattanavong","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002324","article-title":"Etiology of Severe Non-malaria Febrile Illness in Northern Tanzania: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"7","author":"JA Crump","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60094-1","article-title":"Human seroreactivity against <italic>Bartonella<\/italic> species in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"4","author":"A Laudisoit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90437-2","article-title":"High rate of <italic>Bartonella henselae<\/italic> infection in HIV-positive outpatients in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"96","author":"J Frean","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.12.006","article-title":"Bartonellae of the Namaqua rock mouse, <italic>Micaelamys namaquensis<\/italic> (Rodentia: Muridae) from South Africa","volume":"157","author":"H Brettschneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02180.x","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella<\/italic> species detected in rodents and hedgehogs from Algeria","volume":"15","author":"I Bitam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0555","article-title":"Identification of diverse <italic>Bartonella<\/italic> genotypes among small mammals from Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania","volume":"87","author":"VA Gundi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1004","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella<\/italic> prevalence and genetic diversity in small mammals from Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Y Meheretu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1375","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella<\/italic> species in invasive rats and indigenous rodents from Uganda","volume":"14","author":"SA Billeter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7036","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404958111","article-title":"Declines in large wildlife increase landscape-level prevalence of rodent-borne disease in Africa","volume":"111","author":"HS Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1179\/1364859411Y.0000000038","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella clarridgeiae<\/italic>, <italic>B<\/italic>. <italic>henselae<\/italic> and <italic>Rickettsia felis<\/italic> in fleas from Morocco","volume":"105","author":"N Boudebouch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1412.080610","article-title":"<italic>Bartonella<\/italic> spp. and <italic>Rickettsia felis<\/italic> in fleas, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"14","author":"C Sackal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.41","article-title":"Surveillance of Egyptian fleas for agents of public health significance: <italic>Anaplasma<\/italic>, <italic>Bartonella<\/italic>, <italic>Coxiella<\/italic>, <italic>Ehrlichia<\/italic>, <italic>Rickettsia<\/italic>, and <italic>Yersinia pestis<\/italic>","volume":"75","author":"AD Loftis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16085","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016085","article-title":"The burden of common infectious disease syndromes at the clinic and household level from population-based surveillance in rural and urban Kenya","volume":"6","author":"DR Feikin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0169","article-title":"<italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/italic> in humans, domestic ruminants, and ticks in rural western Kenya","volume":"88","author":"DL Knobel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0415","article-title":"Urban leptospirosis in Africa: a cross-sectional survey of <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> infection in rodents in the Kibera urban settlement, Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"89","author":"JE Halliday","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.578","article-title":"Distribution, diversity, and host specificity of <italic>Bartonella<\/italic> in rodents from the Southeastern United States","volume":"57","author":"MY Kosoy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.7.1797-1803.1995","article-title":"Differentiation of <italic>Bartonella<\/italic>-like isolates at the species level by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in the citrate synthase gene","volume":"33","author":"AF Norman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00143-4","article-title":"Gene-sequence-based criteria for species definition in bacteriology: the <italic>Bartonella<\/italic> paradigm","volume":"11","author":"B La Scola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.03033-0","article-title":"Diversity of bartonellae associated with small mammals inhabiting Free State province, South Africa","volume":"54","author":"AM Pretorius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"6923","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01346","article-title":"Introduced species and their missing parasites","volume":"421","author":"ME Torchin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00885.x","article-title":"Effects of species diversity on disease risk","volume":"9","author":"F Keesing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001624","article-title":"Contrasting dynamics of <italic>Bartonella<\/italic> spp. in cyclic field vole populations: the impact of vector and host dynamics","volume":"134","author":"S Telfer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.08.003","article-title":"A model of Leptospirosis infection in an African rodent to determine risk to humans: Seasonal fluctuations and the impact of rodent control","volume":"99","author":"J Holt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002246","article-title":"Prevalence and diversity of <italic>Bartonella<\/italic> species in commensal rodents and ectoparasites from Nigeria, West Africa","volume":"7","author":"J Kamani","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis530","article-title":"Epidemiology, seasonality, and burden of influenza and influenza-like illness in urban and rural Kenya, 2007\u20132010","volume":"206","author":"MA Katz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29119","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029119","article-title":"Population-based incidence of typhoid fever in an urban informal settlement and a rural area in kenya: implications for typhoid vaccine use in Africa","volume":"7","author":"RF Breiman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43656","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043656","article-title":"Etiology and incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western Kenya, 2007\u20132010","volume":"7","author":"DR Feikin","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031237","article-title":"Differing burden and epidemiology of non-Typhi <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> bacteremia in rural and urban Kenya, 2006\u20132009","volume":"7","author":"C Tabu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003608","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T22:14:06Z","timestamp":1717798446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003608"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Fuehrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003608","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]}}}