{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1789586660359,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]],"date-time":"2015-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]],"date-time":"2015-03-18T20:33:57Z","timestamp":1426710837000},"page":"e0003642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in The Gambia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Maria P.","family":"Rebollo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana Malang","family":"Sambou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana-Kwadwo","family":"Biritwum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momodou C.","family":"Jaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Kelly-Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba Gonzalez","family":"Escalada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Molyneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses J.","family":"Bockarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"37","key":"ref1","first-page":"389","article-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report for 2012","volume":"88","year":"2013","journal-title":"Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire \/ Section d'hygiene du Secretariat de la Societe des Nations = Weekly epidemiological record \/ Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations"},{"issue":"9747","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60586-7","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"376","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090626","article-title":"Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"54","author":"MJ Bockarie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual review of entomology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","first-page":"581","article-title":"The distribution of Bancroftian filariasis in Africa","volume":"16","author":"F Hawking","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref5","first-page":"649","article-title":"The distribution of human filariasis throughout the world. Part III. Africa","volume":"74","author":"F Hawking","year":"1977","journal-title":"Tropical diseases bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90286-6","article-title":"Factors affecting transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 1. Uptake of microfilariae","volume":"82","author":"JH Bryan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-259","article-title":"Diversity and transmission competence in lymphatic filariasis vectors in West Africa, and the implications for accelerated elimination of Anopheles-transmitted filariasis","volume":"5","author":"DK de Souza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","first-page":"691","article-title":"Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann in tropical Africa: its importance and its control (author&apos;s transl)","volume":"38","author":"J Brengues","year":"1978","journal-title":"Medecine tropicale: revue du Corps de sante colonial"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Brengues J. La filariose de bancroft en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest. ORSTOM No 79. 1975."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","first-page":"491","article-title":"Strategies and tools for the control\/elimination of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"75","author":"EA Ottesen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00620.x","article-title":"The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"5","author":"EA Ottesen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000328","article-title":"Rapid scaling up of insecticide-treated bed net coverage in Africa and its relationship with development assistance for health: a systematic synthesis of supply, distribution, and household survey data","volume":"7","author":"AD Flaxman","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"9649","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61654-2","article-title":"Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis","volume":"372","author":"SJ Ceesay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-39","article-title":"Can malaria vector control accelerate the interruption of lymphatic filariasis transmission in Africa; capturing a window of opportunity?","volume":"6","author":"LA Kelly-Hope","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70148-2","article-title":"Malaria and lymphatic filariasis: the case for integrated vector management","volume":"13","author":"H van den Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","first-page":"430","article-title":"Vector control of filariasis in the Solomon Islands","volume":"6","author":"RH Webber","year":"1975","journal-title":"The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(77)90037-2","article-title":"The natural decline of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in a vector control situation in the Solomon Islands","volume":"71","author":"RH Webber","year":"1977","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90031-2","article-title":"Eradication of Wuchereria bancrofti infection through vector control","volume":"73","author":"RH Webber","year":"1979","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90058-8","article-title":"A health, nutrition and parasitological survey in a rural village (Keneba) in west Kiang, Gambia","volume":"46","author":"GI Mc","year":"1952","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4962","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4962.331","article-title":"Diethylcarbamazine control of bancroftian filariasis; follow-up of a field trial in West Africa","volume":"1","author":"IA McGregor","year":"1956","journal-title":"British medical journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1980.11687311","article-title":"Current status of filarial infections in The Gambia","volume":"74","author":"R Knight","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9925","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60629-2","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: becoming less neglected","volume":"383","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"WHO. Operational Guidelines for Rapid Mapping of Bancroftian Filariasis in Africa. WHO\/CDS\/CPE\/CEE\/20009. 2000."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.06.004","article-title":"Disease eradication, elimination and control: the need for accurate and consistent usage","volume":"20","author":"DH Molyneux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends in parasitology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002584","article-title":"Transmission assessment surveys (TAS) to define endpoints for lymphatic filariasis mass drug administration: a multicenter evaluation","volume":"7","author":"BK Chu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.502","article-title":"Evaluation of the whole blood filariasis ICT test for short-term monitoring after antifilarial treatment","volume":"62","author":"A Schuetz","year":"2000","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001479","article-title":"A multicenter evaluation of diagnostic tools to define endpoints for programs to eliminate bancroftian filariasis","volume":"6","author":"K Gass","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90431-0","article-title":"Mapping and estimating the population at risk from lymphatic filariasis in Africa","volume":"94","author":"SW Lindsay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4790","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4790.908","article-title":"The control of filariasis with hetrazan; a field trial in a rural village (Keneba) in the Gambia","volume":"2","author":"IA McGregor","year":"1952","journal-title":"British medical journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(54)90075-9","article-title":"Filariasis in Gambla and Casamance, West Africa","volume":"48","author":"JA McFadzean","year":"1954","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01151-4","article-title":"Global mapping of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"13","author":"E Michael","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology today"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.289","article-title":"Mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: changes in microfilaremia, filarial antigen, and Bm14 antibody after cessation","volume":"78","author":"DJ Tisch","year":"2008","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref35","year":"2012"},{"issue":"613\u2013631","key":"ref36","first-page":"46","article-title":"Transmission des filarioses. Limitation des passages des microfilaires ing\u00e9r\u00e9es vers l&apos;h\u00e9moc\u00e8le du vecteur; interpr\u00e9tation","author":"O Bain","year":"1971","journal-title":"Annales de parasitologie humaine et compar\u00e9e"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1972473399","article-title":"Transmission de la Wuch\u00e9reriose et de la s\u00e9tariose bovine: \u00e9tude histologique de la traversee de la paroi stomacale d&apos;<italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/italic> A et <italic>d&apos;Aedes aegypti<\/italic> par les microfilaires","volume":"47","author":"O Bain","year":"1972","journal-title":"Annales de parasitologie humaine et compar\u00e9e"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"199","article-title":"Relations math\u00e9matiques entre le nombre des microfilaires ing\u00e9r\u00e9es et le nombre des parasites chez different vecteurs naturels ou exp\u00e9rimentaux de filarioses","volume":"12","author":"G Pichon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cahiers ORSTOM, S\u00e9rie Entomologie m\u00e9dicale et Parasitologie"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125002509","article-title":"Limitation and facilitation in the vectors and other aspects of the dynamics of filarial transmission: the need for vector control against Anopheles-transmitted filariasis","volume":"96","author":"G Pichon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-22","article-title":"Geographic and ecologic heterogeneity in elimination thresholds for the major vector-borne helminthic disease, lymphatic filariasis","volume":"8","author":"M Gambhir","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00629.x","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis: vector-specific density dependence in the development of Wuchereria bancrofti infective larvae in mosquitoes","volume":"20","author":"LC Snow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical and veterinary entomology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90096-U","article-title":"Factors affecting transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 4. Facilitation, limitation, proportionality and their epidemiological significance","volume":"86","author":"BA Southgate","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref43","first-page":"27","article-title":"Facilitation in Anopheles and spontaneous disappearance of filariasis: has the concept been verified with sufficient evidence?","volume":"46","author":"Y Wada","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tropical medicine and parasitology: official organ of Deutsche Tropenmedizinische Gesellschaft and of Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref44","first-page":"241","article-title":"Can anopheline-transmitted filariasis be eradicated?","volume":"94","author":"RH Webber","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337436","article-title":"The African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC)","volume":"102","author":"U Amazigo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref46","first-page":"391","article-title":"Nationwide survey of bednet use in rural Gambia","volume":"72","author":"U D'Alessandro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90169-Q","article-title":"A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of The Gambia, west Africa. 1. A review of the epidemiology and control of malaria in The Gambia, west Africa","volume":"87","author":"BM Greenwood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0775","article-title":"Community-wide distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets can halt transmission of lymphatic filariasis in southeastern Nigeria","volume":"89","author":"FO Richards","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1207594","article-title":"Insecticidal bed nets and filariasis transmission in Papua New Guinea","volume":"369","author":"LJ Reimer","year":"2013","journal-title":"The New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"35","key":"ref50","first-page":"377","article-title":"Global Programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report on mass drug administration, 2010","volume":"86","year":"2011","journal-title":"Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire \/ Section d'hygiene du Secretariat de la Societe des Nations = Weekly epidemiological record \/ Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-10","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis mapping by immunochromatographic test cards and baseline microfilaria survey prior to mass drug administration in Sierra Leone","volume":"5","author":"JB Koroma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"9657","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61596-2","article-title":"Insecticide-treated net coverage in Africa: mapping progress in 2000\u201307","volume":"373","author":"AM Noor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-90","article-title":"Sustained reduction in prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection in spite of missed rounds of mass drug administration in an area under mosquito nets for malaria control","volume":"4","author":"SM Njenga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"The epidemiology of malaria in southern Sierra Leone","volume":"35","author":"G Barnish","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2273","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002273","article-title":"Impact of three rounds of mass drug administration on lymphatic filariasis in areas previously treated for onchocerciasis in Sierra Leone","volume":"7","author":"JB Koroma","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"9660","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60089-1","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases and the Global Fund","volume":"373","author":"DH Molyneux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002508","article-title":"Long-lasting insecticidal nets are synergistic with mass drug administration for interruption of lymphatic filariasis transmission in Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"A Eigege","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref58","first-page":"121","article-title":"WHO position statement on integrated vector management to control malaria and lymphatic filariasis","volume":"86","year":"2011","journal-title":"Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire \/ Section d'hygiene du Secretariat de la Societe des Nations = Weekly epidemiological record \/ Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003642","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T03:51:42Z","timestamp":1566445902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003642"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peter Uwe","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003642","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]]}}}