{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:17:51Z","timestamp":1791958671165,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]],"date-time":"2015-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]],"date-time":"2015-04-09T18:03:35Z","timestamp":1428602615000},"page":"e0003706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Community-Centered Responses to Ebola in Urban Liberia: The View from Below"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sharon Alane","family":"Abramowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen E.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Lindley","family":"McKune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Louis","family":"Bardosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mosoka","family":"Fallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Monger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kodjo","family":"Tehoungue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Omidian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411100","article-title":"Ebola virus disease in West Africa\u2014the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections","volume":"371","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report","year":"2015"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70956-9","article-title":"Ebola in West Africa: from disease outbreak to humanitarian crisis","volume":"14","author":"P Piot","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Ebola interventions: listen to communities","author":"R Kutalek","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"46","key":"ref5","first-page":"1094","article-title":"Ebola epidemic\u2014Liberia, March\u2014October 2014","volume":"63","author":"T Nyenswah","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Ebola Virus Disease: Consolidated Preparedness Checklist, Revision 1","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9965","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60119-2","article-title":"Social science intelligence in the Global Ebola Response","volume":"385","author":"S Abramowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70995-8","article-title":"Dynamics and control of Ebola virus transmission in Montserrado, Liberia: a mathematical modelling analysis","volume":"14","author":"JA Lewnard","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Farmer P. Diary. London Review of Books. October 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/v36\/n20\/paul-farmer\/diary\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/v36\/n20\/paul-farmer\/diary<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faye O, Bo\u00eblle PY, Heleze E, Faye O, Loucoubar C, Magassouba NF, et al. Chains of transmission and control of Ebola virus disease in Conakry, Guinea, in 2014: an observational study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2015; In press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71075-8"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merler S, Ajelli M, Fumanelli L, Gomes MF, Piontti AP, Rossi L, et al. Spatiotemporal spread of the 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Liberia and the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions: a computational modelling analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2015; In press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71074-6"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowell G, Viboud C. Controlling Ebola: key role of Ebola treatment centres. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2015; In press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71086-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.2329","article-title":"Ebola in West Africa: Model-Based Exploration of Social Psychological Effects and Interventions","volume":"32","author":"E Pruyt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Systems Research and Behavioral Science"},{"issue":"50","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0142","article-title":"Modelling the influence of human behaviour on the spread of infectious diseases: a review","volume":"7","author":"S Funk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6872","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810762106","article-title":"The spread of awareness and its impact on epidemic outbreaks","volume":"106","author":"S Funk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Bernstein L. As Ebola declines in Liberia, health officials reassess response plans. The Washington Post. 3 November 2014. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/africa\/as-ebola-declines-in-liberia-health-officials-reassess-response-plans\/2014\/11\/03\/88126a4c-6365-11e4-bb14-4cfea1e742d5_story.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/africa\/as-ebola-declines-in-liberia-health-officials-reassess-response-plans\/2014\/11\/03\/88126a4c-6365-11e4-bb14-4cfea1e742d5_story.html<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Mogelson L. When the fever breaks: Government measures have proved inadequate, but communities in Liberia and Sierra Leone are coming up with ways to battle the Ebola virus. The New Yorker, 19 January 2015. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2015\/01\/19\/when-fever-breaks\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2015\/01\/19\/when-fever-breaks<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Participatory Rural Appraisal","author":"N Mukherjee","year":"1997"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-750X(94)90030-2","article-title":"Participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Challenges, potentials and paradigm","volume":"22","author":"R Chambers","year":"1994","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00127-S","article-title":"What is participatory research?","volume":"41","author":"A Cornwall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S162","DOI":"10.1086\/520544","article-title":"The Medecins Sans Frontieres intervention in the Marburg hemorrhagic fever epidemic, Uige, Angola, 2005. II. Lessons learned in the community","volume":"196","author":"P Roddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Ebola, culture and politics: the anthropology of an emerging disease","author":"B Hewlett","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"43","article-title":"Epidemics: Science, Governance and Social Justice","author":"M Leach","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards P, Amara J, Ferme M, Kamara P, Mokuwa E, et al. Social pathways for Ebola Virus Disease in rural Sierra Leone, and some implications for containment. PLoS NTD. In press.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003567"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/maq.12092","article-title":"Material proximities and hotspots: toward an anthropology of viral hemorrhagic fevers","volume":"28","author":"H Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medical Anthropology Quarterly"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0910.020493","article-title":"Cultural contexts of Ebola in Northern Ugansda","volume":"9","author":"BS Hewlett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandler C, Fairhead J, Kelly A, Leach M, Martineau F, Mokuwa E, et al. Ebola: limitations of correcting misinformation. The Lancet 2015; In press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62382-5"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Abramowitz S, Omidian P. Brief on attitudes towards Ebola-related funerary practices and memorialization in urban Liberia. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ebola-anthropology.net\/key_messages\/attitudes-towards-ebola-related-funerary-practices-and-memorialization-in-urban-liberia\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.ebola-anthropology.net\/key_messages\/attitudes-towards-ebola-related-funerary-practices-and-memorialization-in-urban-liberia\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Kleinman A. What really matters: living a moral life amidst uncertainty and danger. 2008. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/KLEWRM\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/KLEWRM<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Stories in the time of cholera: Racial profiling during a medical nightmare","author":"CL Briggs","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"HIV and East Africa: Thirty Years in the Shadow of an Epidemic","author":"J Seeley","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2013.842565","article-title":"Epidemics and the Politics of Knowledge: Contested Narratives in Egypt\u2019s H1N1 Response","volume":"33","author":"M Leach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medical Anthropology"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"75","article-title":"Making and Unmaking Public Health In Africa: Ethnographic Perspectives","author":"R Marsland","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Searching for Normal in the Wake of the Liberian War","author":"SA Abramowitz","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"The methodology of the social sciences","author":"M Weber","year":"1949"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1353\/arw.2012.0037","article-title":"International Human Rights, Gender-Based Violence, and Local Discourses of Abuse in Postconflict Liberia: A Problem of \u201cCulture\u201d?","volume":"55","author":"S Abramowitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"African Studies Review"},{"issue":"417","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/afraf\/adi068","article-title":"To fight or to farm? Agrarian dimensions of the Mano River conflicts (Liberia and Sierra Leone)","volume":"104","author":"P Richards","year":"2005","journal-title":"African Affairs"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Liberia: The Violence of Democracy","author":"MH Moran","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svoronos T, Macauley RJ, Kruk ME. Can the health system deliver? Determinants of rural Liberians\u2019 confidence in health care. Health Policy and Planning 2014; in press.","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu065"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.11.026","article-title":"Implementing a Basic Package of Health Services in post-conflict Liberia: Perceptions of key stakeholders","volume":"78","author":"D Petit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822394488","article-title":"The war machines: young men and violence in Sierra Leone and Liberia","author":"D Hoffman","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Benton A: The epidemic will be militarized: Watching outbreak as the West African Ebola epidemic unfolds. Cultural Anthropology 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.culanth.org\/fieldsights\/599-the-epidemic-will-be-militarized-watching-outbreak-as-the-west-african-ebola-epidemic-unfolds\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.culanth.org\/fieldsights\/599-the-epidemic-will-be-militarized-watching-outbreak-as-the-west-african-ebola-epidemic-unfolds<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.2003.17.4.423","article-title":"Syndemics and public health: Reconceptualizing disease in bio-social context","volume":"17","author":"M Singer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medical Anthropology Quarterly"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-8-15","article-title":"\u201cA time of fear\u201d: local, national, and international responses to a large Ebola outbreak in Uganda","volume":"8","author":"J Kinsman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3366\/afr.2005.75.2.173","article-title":"\u2018Kachinja are coming!\u2019: encounters around medical research work in a Kenyan village","volume":"75","author":"PW Geissler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Africa"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faye, Ousmane, et al. &quot;Chains of transmission and control of Ebola virus disease in Conakry, Guinea, in 2014: an observational study.&quot; The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Available online 23 January 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71075-8"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"United Nations Radio. UNICEF: women most affected by Ebola outbreak in W. Africa. 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unmultimedia.org\/radio\/english\/2014\/07\/unicef-women-most-affected-ebola-outbreak-in-w-africa\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unmultimedia.org\/radio\/english\/2014\/07\/unicef-women-most-affected-ebola-outbreak-in-w-africa\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed October 22 2014."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendendez C, Lucas A, Munguambe K, Langer A. Ebola crisis: The unequal impact on women and children\u2019s health. Lancet Global Health 2015; In press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)70009-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1353\/dis.2007.a252905","article-title":"Biopower, Bodies\u2026the Exhibition, and the Spectacle of Public Health","volume":"29","author":"HL Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Discourse"},{"issue":"454","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/afraf\/adu080","article-title":"Briefing: Ebola\u2013myths, realities, and structural violence","volume":"114","author":"A Wilkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"African Affairs"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.08.046","article-title":"Limited good and limited vision: multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and global health policy","volume":"61","author":"JY Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance","author":"JC Scott","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400846801","article-title":"When people come first: critical studies in global health","author":"J Biehl","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2003.04.001","article-title":"Containing a haemorrhagic fever epidemic: the Ebola experience in Uganda (October 2000\u2013January 2001)","volume":"8","author":"M Lamunu","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S283","DOI":"10.1086\/514287","article-title":"Ebola hemorrhagic fever: lessons from Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"179","author":"D Heymann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003767","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,7]],"date-time":"2015-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430956800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003706","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T09:44:21Z","timestamp":1691574261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003706"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Bausch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003706","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]]}}}