{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T14:36:48Z","timestamp":1770820608296,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]],"date-time":"2015-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]],"date-time":"2015-05-08T17:57:50Z","timestamp":1431107870000},"page":"e0003750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Prevalence of Bacterial Febrile Illnesses in Children in Kilosa District, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Chipwaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ginethon G.","family":"Mhamphi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve D.","family":"Ngatunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majige","family":"Selemani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mbaraka","family":"Amuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Mugasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Gwakisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-240","article-title":"Reduction in the proportion of fevers associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Africa: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"V D'Acremont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2331","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002331","article-title":"Dengue and other common causes of acute febrile illness in Asia: an active surveillance study in children","volume":"7","author":"MR Capeding","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002324","article-title":"Etiology of Severe Non-malaria Febrile Illness in Northern Tanzania: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"7","author":"JA Crump","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214482","article-title":"Beyond malaria-causes of fever in outpatient Tanzanian children","volume":"370","author":"V D'Acremont","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadjm B, Mtove G, Amos B, Walker NF, Diefendal H, et al. (2012) Severe febrile illness in adult hospital admissions in Tanzania: a prospective study in an area of high malaria transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.08.006"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01055-0","article-title":"The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens","volume":"113","author":"A Ronald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9244","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009244","article-title":"Invasive salmonellosis among children admitted to a rural Tanzanian hospital and a comparison with previous studies","volume":"5","author":"G Mtove","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Goris MGA and Hartskeerl RA (2013) Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test. Curr Protoc Microbiol: 12E. 5.1-12E. 5.18."},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Brucellosis in humans and animals","author":"MJ Corbel","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2896","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002896","article-title":"Community Knowledge and Attitudes and Health Workers' Practices regarding Non-malaria Febrile Illnesses in Eastern Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"B Chipwaza","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2589","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002589","article-title":"Estimating Leptospirosis Incidence Using Hospital-Based Surveillance and a Population-Based Health Care Utilization Survey in Tanzania","volume":"7","author":"HM Biggs","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0176","article-title":"Leptospirosis among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania","volume":"85","author":"HM Biggs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0327","article-title":"Brucellosis among hospitalized febrile patients in Northern Tanzania","volume":"87","author":"AJ Bouley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref14","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Population Distribution by Age and Sex","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref16","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Council Annual Report\u20142008","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Tanzania National Health Policy","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-89","article-title":"The impact of endemic and epidemic malaria on the risk of stillbirth in two areas of Tanzania with different malaria transmission patterns","volume":"5","author":"U Wort","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref20","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v3i2.14212","article-title":"Major health problems in some selected districts of Tanzania","volume":"3","author":"AJ Mwisongo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tanzan J Health Res"},{"key":"ref23","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Kilosa District Annual Report","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Kilosa District Annual Report","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"9","article-title":"Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies","volume":"1","author":"L Naing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Orofac Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90015-Q","article-title":"Comparison of two simple methods for determining malaria parasite density","volume":"85","author":"B Greenwood","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v16i3.11","article-title":"Prevalence of leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis: a study of rodents and shrews in cultivated and fallow land, Morogoro rural district, Tanzania","volume":"16","author":"GF Mgode","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tanzan J Health Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002290","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of three rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosis of human leptospirosis","volume":"7","author":"MGA Goris","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"107","article-title":"Detection of Leptospires serogroups, Which Are Common Causes of Human Acute Leptospirosis in Guilan, Northern Iran","volume":"40","author":"HR Honarmand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-901","article-title":"Survey of Brucella infection and malaria among Abattoir workers in Kampala and Mbarara Districts, Uganda","volume":"13","author":"I Nabukenya","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-180","article-title":"Evaluation of the Widal tube agglutination test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever among children admitted to a rural hospital in Tanzania and a comparison with previous studies","volume":"10","author":"B Ley","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1330","article-title":"Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months","volume":"128","author":"KB Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"199","article-title":"Leptospirosis Diagnosis: Competency of Various Laboratory Tests","volume":"8","author":"SV Budihal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"ref35","author":"MGA Goris","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.55","article-title":"Implications of laboratory diagnosis on brucellosis therapy","volume":"9","author":"S Al Dahouk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.10-0497","article-title":"Etiology of Acute, Non-Malaria, Febrile Illnesses in Jayapura, Northeastern Papua, Indonesia","volume":"86","author":"NH Punjabi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1191","article-title":"Human Brucellosis in Northwest Ecuador: Typifying Brucella spp., Seroprevalence, and Associated Risk Factors","volume":"14","author":"J Ron-Rom\u00e1n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01175.x","article-title":"Human Brucellosis: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Related to High Risk Occupational Groups in Tanga Municipality, Tanzania","volume":"56","author":"ES Swai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2941","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002941","article-title":"Unsuspected Leptospirosis Is a Cause of Acute Febrile Illness in Nicaragua","volume":"8","author":"ME Reller","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076549","article-title":"Towards the Burden of Human Leptospirosis: Duration of Acute Illness and Occurrence of Post-Leptospirosis Symptoms of Patients in The Netherlands","volume":"8","author":"MGA Goris","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9739-3","article-title":"Brucellosis seroprevalence in livestock in Uganda from 1998 to 2008: a retrospective study","volume":"43","author":"R Mwebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1903.111260","article-title":"Human leptospirosis trends, the netherlands, 1925\u20132008","volume":"19","author":"MGA Goris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-407","article-title":"Elevated dry-season malaria prevalence associated with fine-scale spatial patterns of environmental risk: a case-control study of children in rural Malawi","volume":"12","author":"LR Townes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P61","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-S1-P61","article-title":"Geographic and seasonal variation in malaria prevalence on islands in Lake Victoria (western Kenya): results from three cross sectional studies","volume":"13","author":"ZM Idris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S11767","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in women: etiology and treatment options","volume":"4","author":"D Minardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.06.012","article-title":"Childhood brucellosis in Jordan: prevalence and analysis of risk factors","volume":"13","author":"AM Al-Majali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2008.02661.x","article-title":"Presentation, complications, and treatment outcome of brucellosis in Turkish children","volume":"51","author":"G Tanir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"60","article-title":"Typhoid fever in children: Clinical presentation and risk factors","volume":"40","author":"AI Rabasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger J Paediatr"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.03.010","article-title":"Typhoid fever in children: some epidemiological considerations from Karachi","volume":"10","author":"FJ Siddiqui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29119","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029119","article-title":"Population-based incidence of typhoid fever in an urban informal settlement and a rural area in Kenya: implications for typhoid vaccine use in Africa","volume":"7","author":"RF Breiman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5897\/JPHE2013.0612","article-title":"Prevalence of antibody titre in healthy individual and enteric fever patients in Owerri, Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"CC Chijioke-Osuji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Public Health Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51823","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051823","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological features of typhoid fever in Pemba, Zanzibar: assessment of the performance of the WHO case definitions","volume":"7","author":"K Thriemer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"673","article-title":"Bacteria isolated from blood, stool and urine of typhoid patients in a developing country","volume":"36","author":"AY Itah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Incidence of Brucella Abortus and Brucella Melitensis In Peshawar And Identification of Active and Passive Infection","volume":"11","author":"B Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci J"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e950","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000950","article-title":"The Rose Bengal test in human brucellosis: a neglected test for the diagnosis of a neglected disease","volume":"5","author":"R Diaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4103\/1755-6783.133714","article-title":"Brucella infections in high-risk population and in patients hospitalized for fever: A serological study at Kolar, Karnataka","volume":"6","author":"D Aniyappanavar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0487","article-title":"Evidence of a Major Reservoir of Non-Malarial Febrile Diseases in Malaria-Endemic Regions of Bangladesh","volume":"90","author":"P Swoboda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002777","article-title":"Challenges in Dengue Fever in the Elderly: Atypical Presentation and Risk of Severe Dengue and Hospita-Acquired Infection","volume":"8","author":"EK Rowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0525","article-title":"The safety of yellow fever vaccine 17D or 17DD in children, pregnant women, HIV+ individuals, and older persons: systematic review","volume":"86","author":"RE Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040317","article-title":"Perspectives for the treatment of brucellosis in the 21st century: the Ioannina recommendations","volume":"4","author":"J Ariza","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.0965","article-title":"Involvement of the Aorta in Brucellosis: The Forgotten, Life-Threatening Complication. A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"A Cascio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02837.x","article-title":"Susceptibility of bacterial isolates from community-acquired infections in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia to macrolide antibiotics","volume":"16","author":"Y Lubell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003750","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T15:51:12Z","timestamp":1589039472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003750"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pamela L. C.","family":"Small","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003750","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]]}}}