{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T07:42:02Z","timestamp":1775547722243,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]],"date-time":"2015-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]],"date-time":"2015-07-21T18:02:34Z","timestamp":1437501754000},"page":"e0003831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Namibia: The First Large-Scale Protocol to Formally Include Rapid Diagnostic Tests"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Sousa-Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stark","family":"Katokele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Arinaitwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Adriko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lexi","family":"Balfour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Reiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warren","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce H.","family":"Noden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronnie","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Russell","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.007","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases of Namibia: unsolved mysteries","volume":"125","author":"BH Noden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90291-2","article-title":"Studies on the intestinal parasites in African patients in Owamboland, South West Africa","volume":"72","author":"HJ Kyronseppa","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"CDC (2014). "Parasites.". Retrieved September, 2014, from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02521.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of trachoma: systematic review","volume":"15","author":"VH Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e460","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000460","article-title":"The global burden of trachoma: a review","volume":"3","author":"MJ Burton","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"913","article-title":"Mapping the global distribution of trachoma","volume":"83","author":"S Polack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"WHO (2011). "Global health observatory: Map gallery.". Retrieved January, 2015, from http:\/\/gamapserver.whoint\/mapLibrary\/app\/searchResults.aspx<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"767","article-title":"Bilharzia survey in the eastern Caprivi, northern Bechuanaland and northern South West Africa","volume":"41","author":"PJ Geldenhuys","year":"1967","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"71","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in eastern Caprivi Part I. The prevalence of Schistosoma<\/italic> species and other parasite infections in school children","volume":"2","author":"CHJ Schutte","year":"1987","journal-title":"S African J Epi Inf"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Bilharzia survey of the Kavango Territory, August\u2014September 1982","author":"JJP La Grange","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1995.11812997","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni in communities living on the Cuando River floodplain of East Caprivi, Namibia","volume":"89","author":"CH Schutte","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90397-0","article-title":"Intestinal helminths of hospital patients in Kavango territory, Namibia","volume":"83","author":"AC Evans","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.243","article-title":"A survey of the intestinal nematodes of Bushmen in Namibia","volume":"42","author":"AC Evans","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"WHO (2004). "How to add deworming to vitamin A distribution." Retrieved January, 2015, from http:\/\/www.a2zproject.org\/~a2zorg\/pdf\/WHO.UNICEF%20deworming&VitA.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref15","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"BestCountryMaps (2012). "Population Density Map of Namibia.". Retrieved January, 2015, from http:\/\/www.bestcountryreports.com\/Population_Map_Namibia.php<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Immanuel S (12 April 2012) Newspaper article: "Caprivi is no more". The Namibian. Windhoek."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"NSA (2011). "Namibia 2011 Population & Housing Census." Retrieved January, 2015, from http:\/\/www.nsa.org.na\/files\/downloads\/Namibia%202011%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Maps BC (2012). "Population Density Map of Namibia. http:\/\/www.bestcountryreports.com\/Population_Map_Namibia.php<\/ext-link>.""},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"WHO (1993) The control of schistosomiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization. No.830 p."},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Coordinated use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Human Interventions: a Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.02.001","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool children: let them now be treated!","volume":"29","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0202","article-title":"Rapid diagnostics for the endgame in lymphatic filariasis elimination","volume":"89","author":"MP Rebollo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Hyg Trop Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.12.012","article-title":"Improving control of African schistosomiasis: towards effective use of rapid diagnostic tests within an appropriate disease surveillance model","volume":"103","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Sample size determination in health surveys: a practical manual","author":"SK Lwanga","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref26","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thicksmear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref28","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002008","article-title":"The urine circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) dipstick: a valid substitute for microscopy for mapping and point-of-care diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis","volume":"7","author":"JC Sousa-Figueiredo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002431","article-title":"Meta-analysis of urine heme dipstick diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> infection, including low-prevalence and previously-treated populations","volume":"7","author":"CH King","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2542","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002542","article-title":"Fecal occult blood and fecal calprotectin as point-of-care markers of intestinal morbidity in Ugandan children with Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"7","author":"AL Bustinduy","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0059","article-title":"Use of fecal occult blood tests as epidemiologic indicators of morbidity associated with intestinal schistosomiasis during preventive chemotherapy in young children","volume":"87","author":"M Betson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research","author":"P Armitage","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2307\/2340521","article-title":"On the interpretation of Chi-square from contingency tables and the calculation of P","volume":"85","author":"RA Fisher","year":"1922","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1937.tb05042.x","article-title":"The use of logarithms in the interpretation of certain entomological problems","volume":"24","author":"CB Williams","year":"1937","journal-title":"Ann Appl Bio"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Helminth control in school-aged children","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1993.10594284","article-title":"Approximate Inference in Generalized Linear Mixed Models","volume":"88","author":"NE Breslow","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"DCW (1992). "Digital Chart of the World.". Retrieved January, 2015, from http:\/\/www.diva-gis.org\/gdata<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"CGIARCSI (v4.1). "SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Database.". Retrieved January, 2015, from http:\/\/www.cgiar-csi.org\/data\/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"WorldClim (V1.4). "WorldClim\u2014Global Climate Data: free climate data for ecological modeling and GIS.". Retrieved January, 2015, from http:\/\/www.worldclim.org\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"IRI. "IRI\/LDEO Climate Data Library.". Retrieved January, 2015, from http:\/\/iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","article-title":"Modern Applied Statistics with S","author":"WN Venables","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17","article-title":"Notes on Continuous Stochastic Phenomena","volume":"37","author":"PA Moran","year":"1950","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7194.1322","article-title":"Reporting of precision of estimates for diagnostic accuracy: a review","volume":"318","author":"R Harper","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","article-title":"An introduction to ROC analysis","volume":"27","author":"T Fawcett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","article-title":"Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: A nonparametric approach","volume":"44","author":"ER DeLong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"WorldBank (2015). "Country and Lending Groups." Retrieved April, 2015, from http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/about\/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"NorthWestUniversity (2014). "Namibia Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ)." Retrieved January, 2015, from http:\/\/www.puk.ac.za\/fakulteite\/natuur\/soo\/EcoRestore\/bushQuestions.html<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/315493a0","article-title":"Herd immunity to helminth infection and implications for parasite control","volume":"315","author":"RM Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-71","article-title":"Comparative cost assessment of the Kato-Katz and FLOTAC techniques for soil-transmitted helminth diagnosis in epidemiological surveys","volume":"3","author":"B Speich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"243","article-title":"Global epidemiology of infectious disease: Global burden of disease","author":"DAP Bundy","year":"2004"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00531.x","article-title":"Hydration, morbidity, and mortality in vulnerable populations","volume":"70","author":"RJ Maughan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003831","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T03:30:02Z","timestamp":1717990202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003831"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Raso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003831","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]]}}}