{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:35:51Z","timestamp":1764603351035},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T17:54:04Z","timestamp":1439920444000},"page":"e0004012","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Experimental Transmission of Karshi (Mammalian Tick-Borne Flavivirus Group) Virus by Ornithodoros Ticks &gt;2,900 Days after Initial Virus Exposure Supports the Role of Soft Ticks as a Long-Term Maintenance Mechanism for Certain Flaviviruses"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Turell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"469","article-title":"Antigenic classification and taxonomy of flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae) emphasizing a universal system for the taxonomy of viruses causing tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"32","author":"CH Calisher","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61008-0","article-title":"Tick-borne flaviviruses","volume":"61","author":"TS Gritsun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"45","article-title":"Further studies on antigenic relationships among the viruses of the group B tick-borne complex","volume":"31","author":"DH Clarke","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015) Tick-borne encephalitis. Available <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/topics\/tick_encephalitis\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/topics\/tick_encephalitis\/en\/<\/ext-link> (checked 2 Feb 2015)."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.09.015","article-title":"Genetic characterization of tick-borne flaviviruses: new insights into evolution, pathogenetic determinants and taxonomy","volume":"361","author":"G Grard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"177","article-title":"The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology","volume":"vol. 4","author":"M Gresikova","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.10.007","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia-an overview","volume":"2","author":"J S\u00fcss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.92","article-title":"Reservoir competence of white-footed mice for Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"36","author":"JG Donahue","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"257","article-title":"Viraemia in <italic>Clethrionomys glareolus<\/italic>\u2014a new ecological marker of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"23","author":"SP Chunikhin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"219","article-title":"Experimental characteristics of viraemia caused by two strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus in small rodents","volume":"25","author":"O Kozuch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"517","article-title":"Medical and Veterinary Medicine","author":"DE Sonenshine","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Borrelia: Strains, Vectors, Human and Animal Borreliosis","author":"O Felsenfeld","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"161","article-title":"On the period which females of <italic>Ornithodoros papillipes<\/italic> are able to transmit the tick relapsing fever","volume":"24","author":"EN Pavlovskii","year":"1945","journal-title":"Zool Zh"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"337","article-title":"Transmission of Kyasanur Forest disease virus by the soft tick, <italic>Ornithodoros crossi<\/italic>","volume":"17","author":"UK Bhat","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.1.148","article-title":"Experimental transmission of Langat (tick-borne encephalitis virus complex) virus by the soft tick <italic>Ornithodoros sonrai<\/italic> (Acari: Argasidae)","volume":"31","author":"MJ Turell","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.5.973","article-title":"Experimental transmission of Karshi and Langat (tick-borne encephalitis virus complex) viruses by <italic>Ornithodoros<\/italic> ticks (Acari: Argasidae)","volume":"41","author":"MJ Turell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.2307\/4582740","article-title":"Longevity of the tick <italic>Ornithodoros turicata<\/italic> and of <italic>Spirochaeta recurrentis<\/italic> with this tick","volume":"53","author":"E Francis","year":"1938","journal-title":"Publ Hlth Rep"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"39","article-title":"The Biology of ticks","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"JS Gray","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.4.799","article-title":"Association of ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) with rodent burrows in northern Senegal","volume":"30","author":"TM Logan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"439","article-title":"Geographic variability of <italic>Ornithodoros tartakovskyi<\/italic> Ol. (Ixodoidea, Argasidae)","volume":"51","author":"YS Balashov","year":"1972","journal-title":"Entomol Rev"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"18","article-title":"Taxonomic status of the Chim virus (CHIMV) (Bunyaviridae, Nairovirus, Qalyub group) isolated from the Ixodidae and Argasidae ticks collected in the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus Lichtenstein, 1823) (Muridae, Gerbillinae) burrows in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan","volume":"59","author":"DK L'vov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vopr Virusol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.2307\/4582963","article-title":"<italic>Ornithodoros parkeri<\/italic>: Distribution and host data; spontaneous infection with relapsing fever spirochetes","volume":"54","author":"GE Davis","year":"1939","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/3272629","article-title":"<italic>Ornithodoros parkeri<\/italic> Cooley: Observations on the biology of this tick","volume":"27","author":"GE Davis","year":"1941","journal-title":"J Parasit"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.2.493","article-title":"Experimental vector incompetency of a soft tick, <italic>Ornithodoros sonrai<\/italic> (Acari: Argasidae), for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"30","author":"LA1 Durden","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.344","article-title":"Assay for and replication of Karshi (mammalian tick-borne flavivirus group) virus in mice","volume":"78","author":"MJ Turell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1974.23.1153","article-title":"The use of mosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue viruses","volume":"23","author":"L Rosen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-185","article-title":"Isolation of deer tick virus (Powassan virus, lineage II) from <italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/italic> and detection of antibody in vertebrate hosts sampled in the Hudson Valley, New York State","volume":"6","author":"AP Dupuis 2nd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.295","article-title":"Efficient transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between cofeeding ticks","volume":"30","author":"M Labuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8622","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission between ticks cofeeding on specific immune natural rodent hosts","volume":"235","author":"M Labuda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"The ticks, or Ixodides, of the U.S.S.R","author":"G Anastos","year":"1957"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"32","article-title":"Distribution and biology of <italic>Ornithodoros erraticus<\/italic> in parts of Spain affected by African swine fever","volume":"126","author":"A Oleaga-Perez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.20.110189.002145","article-title":"Biology and systematics of ticks (Acari: Ixodida)","volume":"20","author":"JH Oliver Jr","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1403","article-title":"Contribution to the biology of the tick <italic>Ornithodoros papillipes<\/italic>","volume":"3","author":"YN Pavlovskiy","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences USSR"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60563-1","article-title":"Argasid and nuttalliellid ticks as parasites and vectors","volume":"24","author":"H Hoogstraal","year":"1985","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300025591","article-title":"Some Notes on the recorded Distribution of Old World Species of <italic>Ornithodoros<\/italic> (Acarina)","volume":"44","author":"HS Leeson","year":"1953","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60563-1","article-title":"Argasid and nuttalliellid ticks as parasites and vectors","volume":"24","author":"H Hoogstraal","year":"1985","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317998","article-title":"&quot;Karshi&quot; virus, a new flavivirus (Togaviridae) isolated from <italic>Ornithodoros papillipes<\/italic> (Birula, 1895) ticks in Uzbek S.S.R","volume":"50","author":"DK Lvov","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"805","article-title":"Isolation of Kyasanur Forest disease virus from the insectivorous bat, <italic>Rhinolophus rouxi<\/italic>, and from <italic>Ornithodoros<\/italic> ticks","volume":"57","author":"PK Rajagopalan","year":"1969","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.061094","article-title":"Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus in <italic>Ornithodoros savignyi<\/italic> ticks","volume":"13","author":"RN Charrel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01309911","article-title":"The isolation of Meaban virus, a new Flavivirus from the seabird tick <italic>Ornithodoros<\/italic> (<italic>Alectorobius<\/italic>) <italic>maritimus<\/italic> in France","volume":"83","author":"C Chastel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1977.49","article-title":"The isolation of Saumarez Reef virus, a new flavivirus, from bird ticks <italic>Ornithodoros capensis<\/italic> and <italic>Ixodes eudyptidis<\/italic> in Australia","volume":"55","author":"TD George","year":"1977","journal-title":"Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T14:37:50Z","timestamp":1567089470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004012"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Apperson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]]}}}