{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:54:55Z","timestamp":1791251695042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T17:51:06Z","timestamp":1444413066000},"page":"e0004125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum\/hominis, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia among Young Children with and without Diarrhea in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marit G.","family":"Tellevik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina J.","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn","family":"Blomberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torunn","family":"Hj\u00f8llo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Y.","family":"Maselle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Langeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Hanevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013) Diarrhoeal disease. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs330\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs330\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2015 May 05."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60222-6","article-title":"Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea","volume":"381","author":"CL Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000","volume":"379","author":"L Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"R Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2006.03.006","article-title":"An updated review on Cryptosporidium and Giardia","volume":"35","author":"DB Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001780","article-title":"Common coinfections of Giardia intestinalis and Helicobacter pylori in non-symptomatic Ugandan children","volume":"6","author":"J Ankarklev","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Neglect Trop D"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091313-103550","article-title":"Regulation of virulence of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"68","author":"C Marie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.008","article-title":"Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art","volume":"9","author":"C Ximenez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.015","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia as foodborne zoonoses","volume":"149","author":"HV Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-243","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections in children presenting with diarrhoea in outpatient and inpatient settings in an informal settlement of Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"13","author":"CK Mbae","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1677","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001677","article-title":"High prevalence of Giardia duodenalis Assemblage B infection and association with underweight in Rwandan children","volume":"6","author":"R Ignatius","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Neglect Trop D"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.536","article-title":"Etiology of diarrhea in children less than five years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania","volume":"70","author":"M Vargas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-19","article-title":"Age specific aetiological agents of diarrhoea in hospitalized children aged less than five years in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"SJ Moyo","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0439","article-title":"Association between stool enteropathogen quantity and disease in Tanzanian children using TaqMan array cards: a nested case-control study","volume":"90","author":"JA Platts-Mills","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.12.4459-4462.2000","article-title":"Diarrhea in children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania: a case-control study","volume":"38","author":"J Gascon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3072","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003072","article-title":"Cryptosporidium prevalence and risk factors among mothers and infants 0 to 6 months in rural and semi-rural Northwest Tanzania: a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"SH Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Neglect Trop D"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.10.004","article-title":"Seasonal prevalence and incidence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis and associated diarrhoea in children attending pre-school in Kafue, Zambia","volume":"105","author":"J Siwila","year":"2011","journal-title":"T Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97562","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097562","article-title":"Genetic diversity of circulating rotavirus strains in Tanzania prior to the introduction of vaccination","volume":"9","author":"SJ Moyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02894.x","article-title":"Parasitological diagnosis combining an internally controlled real-time PCR assay for the detection of four protozoa in stool samples with a testing algorithm for microscopy","volume":"15","author":"LE Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infec"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01733-10","article-title":"Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium spp. in human clinical samples by use of real-time PCR","volume":"49","author":"SJ Hadfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813003002","article-title":"Second outbreak of infection with a rare Cryptosporidium parvum genotype in schoolchildren associated with contact with lambs\/goat kids at a holiday farm in Norway","volume":"142","author":"H Lange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030084","article-title":"Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis","volume":"9","author":"IM Sulaiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1220-1223.2004","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum in fecal samples by using multiplex real-time PCR","volume":"42","author":"JJ Verweij","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/753512","article-title":"Global distribution, public health and clinical impact of the protozoan pathogen cryptosporidium","volume":"2010","author":"L Putignani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.921","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in ugandan children with persistent diarrhea with and without concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"73","author":"JK Tumwine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70772-8","article-title":"A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium","volume":"15","author":"W Checkley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1086\/315423","article-title":"Persistent diarrhea signals a critical period of increased diarrhea burdens and nutritional shortfalls: a prospective cohort study among children in northeastern Brazil","volume":"181","author":"AA Lima","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh202","article-title":"Methodology for estimating regional and global trends of child malnutrition","volume":"33","author":"M de Onis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810001998","article-title":"Sporadic Cryptosporidium infection in Nigerian children: risk factors with species identification","volume":"139","author":"SF Molloy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.145581","article-title":"Effect of enteric parasitic infection on serum trace elements and nutritional status in upper Egyptian children","volume":"5","author":"DA Yones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030582","article-title":"Sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping","volume":"10","author":"PR Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.071273","article-title":"Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru","volume":"14","author":"VA Cama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.78","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: prevalence, genotype analysis, and symptoms associated with infections in children in Kenya","volume":"75","author":"W Gatei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01590-06","article-title":"Molecular and spatial epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in children in a semiurban community in South India","volume":"45","author":"SS Ajjampur","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.04.007","article-title":"Cryptosporidium species: preliminary descriptions of the prevalence and genotype distribution among school children and hospital patients in the Venda region, Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"114","author":"A Samie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-011-0188-3","article-title":"Under-notification of cryptosporidiosis by routine clinical and laboratory practices among non-hospitalised children with acute diarrhoea in Southern Spain","volume":"40","author":"M Martin-Ampudia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02074-10","article-title":"Evaluation of four commercial rapid immunochromatographic assays for detection of Cryptosporidium antigens in stool samples: a blind multicenter trial","volume":"49","author":"P Agnamey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00377.x","article-title":"Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis","volume":"52","author":"L Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Mic"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.02.008","article-title":"Seasonality of cryptosporidiosis: A meta-analysis approach","volume":"109","author":"JS Jagai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000208","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical correlations of genetic subtypes of Giardia lamblia in an urban setting","volume":"138","author":"AS Breathnach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.345","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections among pre-school children in Sangkhlaburi, Thailand","volume":"76","author":"B Wongstitwilairoong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003568","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003568","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Infections and Diarrheal Disease in Ghanaian Infants and Children: An Outpatient Case-Control Study","volume":"9","author":"R Krumkamp","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Neglect Trop D"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.257","article-title":"Impact of breast-feeding on Giardia lamblia infections in Bilbeis, Egypt","volume":"65","author":"MA Mahmud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"671","article-title":"Amebiasis and comparison of microscopy to ELISA technique in detection of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar","volume":"96","author":"RA Nesbitt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90153-2","article-title":"Overdiagnosis of amoebiasis in the absence of Entamoeba histolytica among patients presenting with diarrhoea in Wonji and Akaki, Ethiopia","volume":"97","author":"A Kebede","year":"2003","journal-title":"T Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00197-X","article-title":"Clinical virology in real time","volume":"25","author":"HG Niesters","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004125","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T13:25:35Z","timestamp":1599657935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004125"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aaron R.","family":"Jex","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004125","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]]}}}