{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:11:42Z","timestamp":1790233902013,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]],"date-time":"2016-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]],"date-time":"2016-02-02T20:22:10Z","timestamp":1454444530000},"page":"e0004420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["An Anti-proteome Nanobody Library Approach Yields a Specific Immunoassay for Trypanosoma congolense Diagnosis Targeting Glycosomal Aldolase"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Odongo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann G. J.","family":"Sterckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Stijlemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davita","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e9o","family":"Baltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Muyldermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Magez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro841","article-title":"Diagnostics for the developing world","volume":"2","author":"D Mabey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1086\/598618","article-title":"Application of polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis of infectious diseases","volume":"29","author":"DN Fredricks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.10.001","article-title":"Immunochromatographic strip test for detection of genus Cronobacter","volume":"26","author":"M Bla\u017ekov\u00e1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2011.01.007","article-title":"Point-of-care nucleic acid testing for infectious diseases","volume":"29","author":"A Niemz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E63","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA","volume":"28","author":"T Notomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldp046","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases","volume":"93","author":"N Feasey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91061-E","article-title":"Early diagnosis of HIV infection in infants by detection of IgA HIV antibodies","volume":"335","author":"BJ Weiblen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-49","article-title":"A novel polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for detection of Plasmodium vivax developed from two lactate dehydrogenase protein segments","volume":"14","author":"LP Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03281.x","article-title":"Routine use of point-of-care tests: Usefulness and application in clinical microbiology","volume":"16","author":"O Clerc","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.2.270-276.1996","article-title":"Evaluation of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 3 (MSP3) as a diagnostic test antigen","volume":"34","author":"AR Alleman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90174-B","article-title":"Detection of antibodies and circulating excretory-secretory antigens for assessing cure in patients with fascioliasis","volume":"86","author":"AM Espino","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)00721-N","article-title":"Time-course analysis of antibody response by EITB and ELISA before and after chemotherapy in sheep infected with <italic>Fasciola gigantica<\/italic>","volume":"58","author":"EE Guobadia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050594","article-title":"Pitfalls in the application of enzyme-linked immunoassays for the detection of circulating trypanosomal antigens in serum samples","volume":"85","author":"DE Rebeski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110035","article-title":"Immune Complexes in Serum and in Cerebrospinal Fluid in African Trypanosomiasis","volume":"67","author":"PH Lambert","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.299","article-title":"Camelid immunoglobulins and nanobody technology","volume":"128","author":"S Muyldermans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115893","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115893","article-title":"Generation of a Nanobody Targeting the Paraflagellar Rod Protein of Trypanosomes","volume":"9","author":"E Obishakin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2011.04.015","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation of a nanobody with picomolar affinity toward the protease RgpB from <italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/italic>","volume":"415","author":"PD Skottrup","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Streptavidin-biotin-based directional double Nanobody sandwich ELISA for clinical rapid and sensitive detection of influenza H5N1","volume":"12","author":"M Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/363446a0","article-title":"Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains","volume":"363","author":"C Hamers-Casterman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)01237-8","article-title":"Biophysical properties of human antibody variable domains","volume":"325","author":"S Ewert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.10.024","article-title":"Bactrian camel nanobody-based immunoassay for specific and sensitive detection of Cry1Fa toxin","volume":"92","author":"P Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000200024","article-title":"Improved methods for the diagnosisof African trypanosomosis","volume":"94","author":"DE Rebeski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0352(01)00021-6","article-title":"Single domain camel antibodies: Current status","volume":"74","author":"S Muyldermans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505379103","article-title":"Molecular basis for the preferential cleft recognition by dromedary heavy-chain antibodies","volume":"103","author":"E De Genst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(77)90110-9","article-title":"An improved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"71","author":"M Murray","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(92)90047-O","article-title":"Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification","volume":"22","author":"DK Masiga","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00161-8","article-title":"Detection and identification of Trypanosoma of African livestock through a single PCR based on internal transcribed spacer 1 of rDNA","volume":"31","author":"M Desquesnes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1267-5","article-title":"The use of ITS1 rDNA PCR in detecting pathogenic African trypanosomes","volume":"95","author":"ZK Njiru","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.03.014","article-title":"A PCR based assay for detection and differentiation of African trypanosome species in blood","volume":"111","author":"A Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00313-8","article-title":"PCR-RFLP using Ssu-rDNA amplification as an easy method for species-specific diagnosis of Trypanosoma species in cattle","volume":"110","author":"D Geysen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00194-1","article-title":"Detection of <italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/italic> antibodies with indirect ELISAs using antigen-precoated microtitre plates","volume":"89","author":"DE Rebeski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00257-7","article-title":"Performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies against <italic>T<\/italic>. <italic>congolense<\/italic> and <italic>T<\/italic>. <italic>vivax<\/italic> in goats","volume":"116","author":"V Lejon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00173-3","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of antigen-capture ELISAs for diagnosis of <italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/italic> and <italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/italic> infections in cattle","volume":"79","author":"MC Eisler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.12.007","article-title":"PCR amplification of RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in <italic>Trypanosoma evansi<\/italic> isolates in Kenya","volume":"120","author":"JM Ngaira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.01.001","article-title":"The detection of non-RoTat 1.2 <italic>Trypanosoma evansi<\/italic>","volume":"110","author":"JM Ngaira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000618","article-title":"Complete in vitro life cycle of <italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/italic>: development of genetic tools","volume":"4","author":"V Coustou","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(70)90120-7","article-title":"Isolation of Salivarian Trypanosomes from Man and other Mammals using DEAE-Cellulose","volume":"28","author":"S Lanham","year":"1970","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2007.10.005","article-title":"Parallel selection of multiple anti-infectome Nanobodies without access to purified antigens","volume":"329","author":"D Saerens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01062-4","article-title":"Selection and identification of single domain antibody fragments from camel heavy-chain antibodies","volume":"414","author":"M Arbabi Ghahroudi","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","article-title":"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs","volume":"25","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.10.012","article-title":"Nanobodies, a promising tool for species-specific diagnosis of <italic>Taenia solium<\/italic> cysticercosis","volume":"39","author":"N Deckers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.4","article-title":"Tricine-SDS-PAGE","volume":"1","author":"H Sch\u00e4gger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dissecting the machinery that introduces disulfide bonds in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"4","author":"IS Arts","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00140-1","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of <italic>Leishmania mexicana<\/italic> fructose-1,6- bisphosphate aldolase","volume":"103","author":"S De Walque","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42106","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403780200","article-title":"Endosomes, glycosomes, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol catabolism in <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic>","volume":"279","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.01.002","article-title":"An internal sequence targets <italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/italic> triosephosphate isomerase to glycosomes","volume":"171","author":"N Galland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.9.2.507","article-title":"Trypanosomiasis in domestic animals: the problems of diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"VM Nantulya","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.08.007","article-title":"Candidate protein selection for diagnostic markers of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"20","author":"OC Hutchinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"267","article-title":"Antigen detection enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of <italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/italic>, <italic>T<\/italic>. <italic>congolense<\/italic> and <italic>T<\/italic>. <italic>brucei<\/italic> infections in cattle","volume":"40","author":"V Nantulya","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(77)80476-6","article-title":"Localization of nine glycolytic enzymes in a microbody-like organelle in <italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/italic>: the glycosome","volume":"80","author":"FR Opperdoes","year":"1977","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Identification of total and differentially expressed excreted-secreted proteins from <italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/italic> strains exhibiting different virulence and pathogenicity","volume":"39","author":"P Gr\u00e9baut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol. Australian Society for Parasitology Inc"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-199","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax aldolase-specific monoclonal antibodies and its application in clinical diagnosis of malaria infections in China","volume":"12","author":"EE Dzakah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.3910","article-title":"Structures of type 2 peroxisomal targeting signals in two trypanosomatid aldolases","volume":"300","author":"D Chudzik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"1186","article-title":"Structure of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase","volume":"70","author":"LE Boucher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Cryst"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4388","DOI":"10.1021\/bi972233h","article-title":"Crystal structure of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from the human malaria parasite <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic>","volume":"37","author":"H Kim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(95)00183-B","article-title":"Homologous ELISA for detection of oligomeric human TNF: properties of the assay","volume":"186","author":"N Petyovka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T20:59:03Z","timestamp":1600117143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004420"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Buschiazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004420","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]]}}}