{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:37:08Z","timestamp":1793162228282,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T17:45:27Z","timestamp":1458236727000},"page":"e0004539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":277,"title":["Co-infection of Ticks: The Rule Rather Than the Exception"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Moutailler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Valiente Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Vaumourin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Michelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Devillers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Cosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Gasqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Tran","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mavingui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwena\u00ebl","family":"Vourc\u2019h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Vayssier-Taussat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1086\/319347","article-title":"Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat","volume":"32","author":"P Parola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00251","article-title":"Ixodes ricinus and Its Transmitted Pathogens in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas in Europe: New Hazards and Relevance for Public Health","volume":"2","author":"A Rizzoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.27.19906-en","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in Europe","volume":"16","author":"A Rizzoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis: a review of data on transmission time after tick attachment","volume":"8","author":"MJ Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.04.007","article-title":"Real-time PCR-based identification of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in ticks collected from humans in Romania","volume":"5","author":"VT Briciu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR as diagnostic tools for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from humans","author":"VT Briciu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-328","article-title":"Ticks infesting humans in Italy and associated pathogens","volume":"7","author":"D Otranto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.04.009","article-title":"Human tick infestation pattern, tick-bite rate, and associated Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection risk during occupational tick exposure at the Seedorf military training area, northwestern Germany","volume":"5","author":"MK Faulde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0553-z","article-title":"Comparison of phenology and pathogen prevalence, including infection with the Ehrlichia muris-like (EML) agent, of Ixodes scapularis removed from soldiers in the midwestern and the northeastern United States over a 15 year period (1997\u20132012)","volume":"7","author":"E Stromdahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00610-10","article-title":"Ecological factors characterizing the prevalence of bacterial tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks in pastures and woodlands","volume":"76","author":"L Halos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007002351","article-title":"Local environmental factors characterizing Ixodes ricinus nymph abundance in grazed permanent pastures for cattle","volume":"134","author":"C Boyard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-233","article-title":"Genetic characterization of the human relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi in vectors and animal reservoirs of Lyme disease spirochetes in France","volume":"7","author":"JF Cosson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2004052","article-title":"Evidence of Bartonella sp. in questing adult and nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks from France and co-infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Babesia sp","volume":"36","author":"L Halos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1118","article-title":"Co-infection with &apos;Candidatus Neoehrlichia Mikurensis&apos; and Borrelia afzelii in Ixodes ricinus ticks in southern Sweden","volume":"13","author":"M Andersson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0699","article-title":"Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the hard tick Ixodes ricinus in the city of Hanover (Germany)","volume":"11","author":"S Schicht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.2.289","article-title":"Infection and co-infection rates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum variants, Babesia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial endosymbiont in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) from sites in Indiana, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin","volume":"45","author":"FE Steiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2007)32[243:CMIQIS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Co-circulating microorganisms in questing Ixodes scapularis nymphs in Maryland","volume":"32","author":"KI Swanson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-015-9899-y","article-title":"Molecular detection of Rickettsia, Borrelia, and Babesia species in Ixodes ricinus sampled in northeastern, central, and insular areas of Italy","volume":"66","author":"LR Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis852","article-title":"Lyme disease and human granulocytic anaplasmosis coinfection: impact of case definition on coinfection rates and illness severity","volume":"56","author":"HW Horowitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-347","article-title":"Co-infection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Rickettsia species in ticks and in an erythema migrans patient","volume":"6","author":"E Tijsse-Klasen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"15","article-title":"Clinical determinants of Lyme borreliosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, anaplasmosis, and ehrlichiosis in an Australian cohort","volume":"8","author":"PJ Mayne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2134-7","article-title":"Co-infections with Borrelia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia spp. in patients with tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"33","author":"A Moniuszko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-298","article-title":"Intravascular persistence of Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewingii DNA in the blood of a dog and two family members","volume":"7","author":"EB Breitschwerdt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-103","article-title":"Co-infection with Anaplasma platys, Bartonella henselae and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum in a veterinarian","volume":"6","author":"RG Maggi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1086\/314954","article-title":"The incidence of ehrlichial and rickettsial infection in patients with unexplained fever and recent history of tick bite in central North Carolina","volume":"180","author":"CF Carpenter","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587131","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/587131","article-title":"Human Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti in the United States","volume":"2015","author":"KL Knapp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0072","article-title":"Meta-analysis of coinfection and coexposure with Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and Ixodes ricinus-complex ticks","volume":"9","author":"NC Nieto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-06","article-title":"Coinfections acquired from ixodes ticks","volume":"19","author":"SJ Swanson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.09.008","article-title":"Coinfection by Ixodes Tick-Borne Pathogens: Ecological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Consequences","volume":"32","author":"MA Diuk-Wasser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198305123081918","article-title":"Simultaneous occurrence of babesiosis and Lyme disease","volume":"308","author":"E Grunwaldt","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.4.629","article-title":"Fever and headache in a splenectomized woman","volume":"11","author":"LM Golightly","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"32","article-title":"Current usage of Symbiosis and Associated Terminology","volume":"5","author":"D Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Biology"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Tick microbiome: the force within","author":"S Narasimhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3541","article-title":"The emerging diversity of Rickettsia","volume":"273","author":"SJ Perlman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004892","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004892","article-title":"The Recent Evolution of a Maternally-Inherited Endosymbiont of Ticks Led to the Emergence of the Q Fever Pathogen, Coxiella burnetii","volume":"11","author":"O Duron","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-009-0059-9","article-title":"16S rRNA gene-based identification of cultured bacterial flora from host-seeking Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus and Haemaphysalis concinna ticks, vectors of vertebrate pathogens","volume":"54","author":"I Rudolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1969","article-title":"Wolbachia: master manipulators of invertebrate biology","volume":"6","author":"JH Werren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-013-0222-1","article-title":"Hard ticks and their bacterial endosymbionts (or would be pathogens)","volume":"58","author":"A Ahantarig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30692","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030692","article-title":"Detection of Wolbachia in the tick Ixodes ricinus is due to the presence of the hymenoptera endoparasitoid Ixodiphagus hookeri","volume":"7","author":"O Plantard","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64386-0","article-title":"&apos;Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii&apos;, an endosymbiont of the tick Ixodes ricinus with a unique intramitochondrial lifestyle","volume":"56","author":"D Sassera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2006.01024.x","article-title":"Widespread distribution and high prevalence of an alpha-proteobacterial symbiont in the tick Ixodes ricinus","volume":"8","author":"N Lo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-350","article-title":"Molecular and serological evidence for the circulation of the tick symbiont Midichloria (Rickettsiales: Midichloriaceae) in different mammalian species","volume":"6","author":"C Bazzocchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.450","article-title":"Passive surveillance as an instrument to identify risk factors for fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever: is there more to learn?","volume":"66","author":"JE Childs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6584","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00537-07","article-title":"Localization and visualization of a coxiella-type symbiont within the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum","volume":"73","author":"O Klyachko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.12.001","article-title":"Gut microbiota of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis modulate colonization of the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"15","author":"S Narasimhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25604","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025604","article-title":"Metagenomic profile of the bacterial communities associated with Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"6","author":"G Carpi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201618","article-title":"Natural microbe-mediated refractoriness to Plasmodium infection in Anopheles gambiae","volume":"332","author":"CM Cirimotich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00103","article-title":"High-throughput screening of tick-borne pathogens in Europe","volume":"4","author":"L Michelet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"3569","article-title":"Landscape genetics highlights the role of bank vole metapopulation dynamics in the epidemiology of Puumala hantavirus","volume":"20","author":"E Guivier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0103","article-title":"Questing ticks in suburban forest are infected by at least six tick-borne pathogens","volume":"11","author":"C Reis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00168-3","article-title":"Development of a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay with internal control for the laboratory detection of tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA","volume":"27","author":"M Schwaiger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.7.2699","article-title":"16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial endosymbionts associated with cytoplasmic incompatibility in insects","volume":"89","author":"SL O'Neill","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51027","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051027","article-title":"A veritable menagerie of heritable bacteria from ants, butterflies, and beyond: broad molecular surveys and a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"JA Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007004052","article-title":"Midichloria mitochondrii is widespread in hard ticks (Ixodidae) and resides in the mitochondria of phylogenetically diverse species","volume":"135","author":"S Epis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2012.01455.x","article-title":"Prevalence, genomic and metabolic profiles of Acinetobacter and Asaia associated with field-caught Aedes albopictus from Madagascar","volume":"83","author":"G Minard","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00062","article-title":"To be or not to be associated: power study of four statistical modeling approaches to identify parasite associations in cross-sectional studies","volume":"4","author":"E Vaumourin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.10.013","article-title":"Model selection in ecology and evolution","volume":"19","author":"JB Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1086\/339813","article-title":"Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfecting tickborne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease","volume":"34","author":"PJ Krause","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530450047031","article-title":"Concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis. Evidence for increased severity and duration of illness","volume":"275","author":"PJ Krause","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1086\/313532","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological features of early Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Wisconsin","volume":"29","author":"EA Belongia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Questing Ticks in Suburban Forest Are Infected by at Least Six Tick-Borne Pathogens","author":"C Reis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.4.3074-3078.2006","article-title":"Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasmataceae members in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Alsace, a focus of Lyme borreliosis endemicity in France","volume":"72","author":"E Ferquel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61644-X","article-title":"A case of meningoencephalitis by the relapsing fever spirochaete Borrelia miyamotoi in Europe","volume":"382","author":"JW Hovius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02788-09","article-title":"Prevalence of Bartonella henselae and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe","volume":"76","author":"F Dietrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1086\/650172","article-title":"Scalp eschar and neck lymphadenopathy caused by Bartonella henselae after Tick Bite","volume":"50","author":"E Angelakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.071110","article-title":"Transmission of Bartonella henselae by Ixodes ricinus","volume":"14","author":"V Cotte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1374.080","article-title":"Bartonella infection in domestic cats and wild felids","volume":"1078","author":"BB Chomel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.1.56","article-title":"Bartonella henselae antibody prevalence in free-ranging and captive wild felids from California","volume":"34","author":"K Yamamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2004.apm1120603.x","article-title":"Identification of Bartonella species in rodents, shrews and cats in Denmark: detection of two B. henselae variants, one in cats and the other in the long-tailed field mouse","volume":"112","author":"K Engbaek","year":"2004","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.77","article-title":"Natural history of Bartonella-infecting rodents in light of new knowledge on genomics, diversity and evolution","volume":"8","author":"JP Buffet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.719-756.2005","article-title":"Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts","volume":"18","author":"P Parola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-41","article-title":"Ixodes ricinus ticks are reservoir hosts for Rickettsia helvetica and potentially carry flea-borne Rickettsia species","volume":"2","author":"H Sprong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04093-3","article-title":"Association of Rickettsia helvetica with chronic perimyocarditis in sudden cardiac death","volume":"354","author":"K Nilsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002548","article-title":"Association of Borrelia afzelii with rodents in Europe","volume":"126","author":"K Hanincova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.5.2825-2830.2003","article-title":"Association of Borrelia garinii and B. valaisiana with songbirds in Slovakia","volume":"69","author":"K Hanincova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000050","article-title":"Humans parasitized by the hard tick Ixodes ricinus are seropositive to Midichloria mitochondrii: is Midichloria a novel pathogen, or just a marker of tick bite?","volume":"106","author":"M Mariconti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"573","article-title":"Spiroplasmas of Group I: the Spiroplasma citri cluster","volume":"56","author":"JM Bove","year":"1983","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"383","article-title":"Spiroplasma apis, a new species from the honey-bee Apis mellifera","volume":"134A","author":"C Mouches","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Microbiol (Paris)"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103961","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103961","article-title":"Microbial population analysis of the salivary glands of ticks; a possible strategy for the surveillance of bacterial pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.09.013","article-title":"First isolation of Enterobacter, Enterococcus, and Acinetobacter spp. as inhabitants of the tsetse fly (Glossina palpalis palpalis) midgut","volume":"9","author":"A Geiger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.3.382","article-title":"Rearing stable fly larvae (Diptera: Muscidae) on an egg yolk medium","volume":"36","author":"TJ Lysyk","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"Suppl 37","key":"ref82","first-page":"86","article-title":"Pathogens and symbionts in ticks: prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ehrlichia sp.), Wolbachia sp., Rickettsia sp., and Babesia sp. in Southern Germany","volume":"293","author":"K Hartelt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.05.005","article-title":"Evaluation of microbial communities and symbionts in Ixodes ricinus and ungulate hosts (Cervus elaphus and Ovis aries) from shared habitats on the west coast of Norway","volume":"5","author":"EG Granquist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.58.10.3413-3416.1992","article-title":"Amplification of DNA from native populations of soil bacteria by using the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"58","author":"KD Bruce","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-8-2085","article-title":"rRNA-targeted fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis of bacterial community structure in river water","volume":"144","author":"T Kenzaka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiology"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T11:20:13Z","timestamp":1655292013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004539"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Vinetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]]}}}