{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T02:29:20Z","timestamp":1769826560293,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T15:28:26Z","timestamp":1475162906000},"page":"e0004670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Somalia: A Nation at the Crossroads of Extreme Poverty, Conflict, and Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Annum","family":"Jaffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8770-1042","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Hotez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003056","article-title":"Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea: Where Ecology Meets Economy","volume":"8","author":"DG Bausch","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6232","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.348.6232.296-b","article-title":"Combating the next lethal epidemic","volume":"348","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003852","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003852","article-title":"Vaccine Science Diplomacy: Expanding Capacity to Prevent Emerging and Neglected Tropical Diseases Arising from Islamic State (IS)-Held Territories","volume":"9","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"CIA. World Factbook. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/so.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/so.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed November 19, 2015."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report 2015. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/all\/themes\/hdr_theme\/country-notes\/SOM.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/all\/themes\/hdr_theme\/country-notes\/SOM.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed November 19, 2015."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"MSF. Democratic Republic of Congo. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.doctorswithoutborders.org\/country-region\/democratic-republic-congo\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.doctorswithoutborders.org\/country-region\/democratic-republic-congo<\/ext-link>. Accessed February 6, 2016."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"UNHCR. 2015 UNHCR country operations profile\u2013Central African Republic. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/pages\/49e45c156.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/pages\/49e45c156.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed February 6, 2016."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Neglected Tropical Diseases. PCT Databank. Soil-transmitted helminthiases. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/preventive_chemotherapy\/sth\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/preventive_chemotherapy\/sth\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed November 5, 2015."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Neglected Tropical Diseases. PCT Databank. Schistosomiasis. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/preventive_chemotherapy\/sch\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/preventive_chemotherapy\/sch\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed November 20, 2015."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Neglected Tropical Diseases. PCT Databank. Lymphatic filariasis. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/preventive_chemotherapy\/lf\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/preventive_chemotherapy\/lf\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed November 5, 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003618","article-title":"Helminth Elimination in the Pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals: A &quot;Worm Index&quot; for Human Development","volume":"9","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12060","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Country Profiles. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world_malaria_report_2014\/wmr-2014-profiles.pdf?ua=1\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world_malaria_report_2014\/wmr-2014-profiles.pdf?ua=1<\/ext-link>. Accessed October 25, 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt107","article-title":"Reaching out to take on TB in Somalia","volume":"108","author":"DA Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt090","article-title":"TB treatment in a chronic complex emergency: treatment outcomes and experiences in Somalia","volume":"107","author":"KF Liddie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"117","article-title":"Cholera outbreaks in Africa","volume":"379","author":"MA Mengel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Economist The. Why Somaliland is not a recognized state. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/blogs\/economist-explains\/2015\/11\/economist-explains\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.economist.com\/blogs\/economist-explains\/2015\/11\/economist-explains<\/ext-link>. Accessed January 30, 2016."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"BBC. Puntland profile. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-14114727\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-14114727<\/ext-link>. Accessed January 30, 2016."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Health Poverty Action. The Health Worker Crisis: an analysis of the issue and main international responses. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.healthpovertyaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/downloads\/2013\/11\/Health-worker-crisis-web.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.healthpovertyaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/downloads\/2013\/11\/Health-worker-crisis-web.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed February 6, 2016."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Global Humanitarian Assistance. Somalia. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org\/countryprofile\/somalia\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org\/countryprofile\/somalia<\/ext-link>. Accessed November 2, 2015."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Council on Foreign Relations. CFR Backgrounds. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cfr.org\/somalia\/al-shabab\/p18650\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cfr.org\/somalia\/al-shabab\/p18650<\/ext-link>. Accessed November 12, 2015."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"BBC. Somalia famine \u2018killed 260,000 people\u2019. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-22380352\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-22380352<\/ext-link> Accessed November 3, 2015."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Guardian The. Al-Shabaab in Somalia exploited aid agencies during 2011 famine\u2013report. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2013\/dec\/09\/al-shabaab-somalia-exploited-aid-agencies-famine\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2013\/dec\/09\/al-shabaab-somalia-exploited-aid-agencies-famine<\/ext-link>. Accessed October 25, 2015."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Guardian The. Al-Shabaab bans aid agencies in Somalia and raids offices. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2011\/nov\/28\/al-shabaab-bans-aid-agencies-somalia\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2011\/nov\/28\/al-shabaab-bans-aid-agencies-somalia<\/ext-link>. Accessed October 28, 2015."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"OCHA. Humanitarian Needs Overview. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/docs.unocha.org\/sites\/dms\/Somalia\/Somalia%202015%20Humanitarian%20Needs%20Overview%20-%20FINAL.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/docs.unocha.org\/sites\/dms\/Somalia\/Somalia%202015%20Humanitarian%20Needs%20Overview%20-%20FINAL.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed November 8, 2015."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Guardian The. M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res to pull out of Somalia after 22 years. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/aug\/14\/medecins-sans-frontieres-pull-out-somalia\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/aug\/14\/medecins-sans-frontieres-pull-out-somalia<\/ext-link>. Accessed October 21, 2015."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Response Humanitarian. Humanitarian Needs Overview 2016. Somalia. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/en\/system\/files\/documents\/files\/2016_somalia_humanitarian_needs_overview_6.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/en\/system\/files\/documents\/files\/2016_somalia_humanitarian_needs_overview_6.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed February 6, 2016."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"BBC. Who are Somalia\u2019s al-Shabab. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-15336689\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-15336689<\/ext-link>. Accessed October 21, 2015."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S181","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu453","article-title":"Polio outbreak investigation and response in Somalia, 2013","volume":"210","author":"R Kamadjeu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"349","article-title":"Poliomyeleitis outbreak in Somalia and Kenya, 2013","volume":"88","year":"2013","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiol Record"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Countries. Somalia. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/countries\/som\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/countries\/som\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed November 9, 2015."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"The End Fund. Where We Work. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.end.org\/ourimpact\/wherewework\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.end.org\/ourimpact\/wherewework<\/ext-link>. Accessed October 28, 2015."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Guardian The. Rwandan life expectancy doubles in last 20 years, study finds. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/apr\/04\/rwanda-life-expectancy-doubles-20-years\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/apr\/04\/rwanda-life-expectancy-doubles-20-years<\/ext-link>. Accessed February 6, 2016."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Nations United. Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/preventgenocide\/rwanda\/education\/rwandagenocide.shtml\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/preventgenocide\/rwanda\/education\/rwandagenocide.shtml<\/ext-link>. Accessed February 6, 2016."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Atlantic The. Rwanda\u2019s Historic Health Recovery: What the U.S. Might Learn. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2013\/02\/rwandas-historic-health-recovery-what-the-us-might-learn\/273226\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2013\/02\/rwandas-historic-health-recovery-what-the-us-might-learn\/273226\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed February 6, 2016."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f65","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f65","article-title":"Reduced premature mortality in Rwanda: lessons from success","volume":"346","author":"PE Farmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004670","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T18:48:30Z","timestamp":1588963710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004670"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Serap","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]}}}