{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:11:27Z","timestamp":1790475087290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004571","name":"Minist\u00e8re des Affaires Sociales et de la Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHRC R 2007- R-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHRC R 2007- R-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T22:05:53Z","timestamp":1467237953000},"page":"e0004790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Performance Testing of PCR Assay in Blood Samples for the Diagnosis of Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in AIDS Patients from the French Departments of America and Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii: A Prospective and Multicentric Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ajzenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Lamaury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magalie","family":"Demar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrille","family":"Vautrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Cabi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Nicolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Desbois-Nogard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachida","family":"Boukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homayoun","family":"Riahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Laure","family":"Dard\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Massip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Dupon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Marie","family":"Preux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Labrunie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Paule","family":"Boncoeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis508","article-title":"Foodborne toxoplasmosis","volume":"55","author":"JL Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001844","article-title":"Geographical patterns of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> genetic diversity revealed by multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping","volume":"141","author":"EK Shwab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.12.005","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis past, present and new aspects of an old disease","volume":"39","author":"M Maenz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03648.x","article-title":"Acute toxoplasmoses in immunocompetent patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit in French Guiana","volume":"18","author":"M Demar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002541","article-title":"Severe South American ocular toxoplasmosis is associated with decreased Ifn-gamma\/Il-17a and increased Il-6\/Il-13 intraocular levels","volume":"7","author":"A de-la-Torre","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1086\/322622","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients before and during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era","volume":"33","author":"S Abgrall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir990","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis hospitalizations in the United States, 2008, and trends, 1993\u20132008","volume":"54","author":"JL Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104169","article-title":"Encephalitis hospitalization rates and inpatient mortality in the United States, 2000\u20132010","volume":"9","author":"BP George","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291403","article-title":"Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"329","author":"BJ Luft","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199702000-00007","article-title":"A prospective study of criteria for the diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis in 186 AIDS patients. The BIOTOXO Study Group","volume":"11","author":"F Raffi","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/15.2.211","article-title":"Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS","volume":"15","author":"BJ Luft","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.11.2813-2819.1994","article-title":"Value of PCR for evaluating occurrence of parasitemia in immunocompromised patients with cerebral and extracerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"32","author":"Ke-S Khalifa","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.9.2421-2426.1995","article-title":"Detection of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> by PCR and tissue culture in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients","volume":"33","author":"M Dupon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.49.1.89","article-title":"Detection by PCR of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in blood in the diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS","volume":"49","author":"J Lamoril","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199715000-00018","article-title":"A multicentre prospective study for the polymerase chain reaction detection of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> DNA in blood samples from 186 AIDS patients with suspected toxoplasmic encephalitis. Bio-Toxo Study Group","volume":"11","author":"H Pelloux","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.10.2639-2641.1997","article-title":"Limited value of PCR for detection of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in blood from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"35","author":"C Franzen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5044","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.10.5044-5047.2005","article-title":"Diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients in Brazil: importance of molecular and immunological methods using peripheral blood samples","volume":"43","author":"FA Colombo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.06.012","article-title":"Influence of neurotoxoplasmosis characteristics on real-time PCR sensitivity among AIDS patients in Brazil","volume":"104","author":"CC Correia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.04.003","article-title":"Is PCR testing on blood samples useful or not in the diagnosis of <italic>Toxoplasma<\/italic> encephalitis?","volume":"104","author":"D Ajzenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4303\/jnp\/N110402","article-title":"Detection of <italic>Toxoplasma<\/italic> DNA in the peripheral blood of HIV-positive patients with neuro-opportunistic infections by a real-time PCR assay","volume":"2","author":"N Cardona","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroparasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00170-8","article-title":"Identification of a 200- to 300-fold repetitive 529 bp DNA fragment in <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>, and its use for diagnostic and quantitative PCR","volume":"30","author":"WL Homan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.3.720-724.2006","article-title":"Comparison between two amplification sets for molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis by real-time PCR","volume":"44","author":"S Cassaing","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01152-10","article-title":"Genotyping of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> isolates with 15 microsatellite markers in a single multiplex PCR assay","volume":"48","author":"D Ajzenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003182","article-title":"Geographic Separation of Domestic and Wild Strains of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in French Guiana Correlates with a Monomorphic Version of Chromosome1a","volume":"8","author":"A Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.05.003","article-title":"Human impact on genetic diversity of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>: example of the anthropized environment from French Guiana","volume":"11","author":"A Mercier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","first-page":"233","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis. Models and estimation procedures","volume":"19","author":"LL Cavalli-Sforza","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2307\/2529786","article-title":"An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"RR-4","key":"ref28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"58","author":"JE Kaplan","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref29","first-page":"CD005420","article-title":"Management of toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV-infected adults (with an emphasis on resource-poor settings)","author":"M Dedicoat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref30","first-page":"S94","article-title":"Cotrimoxazole for toxoplasmosis encephalitis: a cheaper and safer treatment?","volume":"38","author":"G Beraud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199312000-00005","article-title":"The mortality and pathology of HIV infection in a west African city","volume":"7","author":"SB Lucas","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00492.x","article-title":"Risk factors for death among patients in French Guiana: 1996\u20132005","volume":"8","author":"M Nacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref33"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref34","first-page":"286","article-title":"Causes of death among HIV infected adults in French Guyana and the French West Indies in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)","volume":"34","author":"C Lewden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.04.004","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis: value of the buffy coat for the detection of circulating <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>","volume":"82","author":"MP Brenier-Pinchart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02500-09","article-title":"Multicentric comparative analytical performance study for molecular detection of low amounts of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> from simulated specimens","volume":"48","author":"Y Sterkers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02258-07","article-title":"Quantitative real-time PCR is not more sensitive than &quot;conventional&quot; PCR","volume":"46","author":"P Bastien","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90078-7","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis","volume":"96","author":"P Bastien","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1086\/597477","article-title":"Genotype of 88 <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> isolates associated with toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients and correlation with clinical findings","volume":"199","author":"D Ajzenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01793-14","article-title":"PCR-based detection of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> DNA in blood and ocular samples for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"52","author":"C Bourdin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02196-10","article-title":"Direct genotyping of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in ocular fluid samples from 20 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis: predominance of type II in France","volume":"49","author":"A Fekkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.060025","article-title":"Genetic divergence of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> strains associated with ocular toxoplasmosis, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"A Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.06.002","article-title":"<italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> isolates: multilocus RFLP-PCR genotyping from human patients in Sao Paulo State, Brazil identified distinct genotypes","volume":"129","author":"IM Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.148205","article-title":"<italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> in the peripheral blood of patients with acute and chronic toxoplasmosis","volume":"95","author":"C Silveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182704040","article-title":"Neurologic outcomes and adjunctive steroids in HIV patients with severe cerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"79","author":"R Sonneville","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004790","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:55:29Z","timestamp":1718672129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004790"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Munoz-Zanzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004790","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]}}}