{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:19:01Z","timestamp":1791386341310,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T17:40:11Z","timestamp":1477330811000},"page":"e0005060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Chronic Arsenic Exposure and Risk of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Development in India: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sushmita","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya Nand","family":"Rabidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neena","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreekant","family":"Kesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bidyut","family":"Purkait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra Sekhar","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: What are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control?","volume":"5","author":"F Chappuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives","volume":"27","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Immunol. Microbiol. Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.09.011","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)\u2014the Bihar (India) perspective","volume":"53","author":"PK Sinha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04558.x","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis\u2014an overview","volume":"49","author":"S. Ganguly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00517-6","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"E.E. Zijlstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834a8ba1","article-title":"Recent advances in post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"24","author":"D. Mondal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1086\/648727","article-title":"Increasing incidence of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a population-based study in Bangladesh","volume":"50","author":"KM Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MCBI.0000007260.32981.b9","article-title":"Arsenic toxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis\u2014a health risk assessment and management approach","volume":"255","author":"PB Tchounwou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.06.096","article-title":"Arsenic, a global public health problem","volume":"164S","author":"M Vahter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1536S","article-title":"Health effects and risk assessment of arsenic","volume":"133","author":"CO Abernathy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2012.680329","article-title":"Hypertension in chronic arsenic exposure: A case control study in West Bengal","volume":"47","author":"D GuhaMazumder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(79)90082-3","article-title":"Arsenic levels in human blood, urine and hair in response to exposure via drinking water","volume":"20","author":"JL Valentine","year":"1979","journal-title":"Environ. Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181637.10978.e6","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in persons with skin lesions resulting from arsenic in drinking water","volume":"16","author":"DN Mazumder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9152","article-title":"Arsenicmethylation, GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1 polymorphisms and skin lesions","volume":"115","author":"KM McCarty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5576","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p2143","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072375","article-title":"Worldwide Occurences of Arsenic in Ground Water","volume":"269","author":"D. Kirk Nordstorm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(02)00018-5","article-title":"A review of the source, behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters","volume":"17","author":"PL Smedley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Toenails, tap water and you: the arsenic connection (no. ME 2010\u20131). Mineral Resources Branch report of activities 2009, natural resources","author":"TA Goodwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Government of Nova Scotia"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108393","article-title":"Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India","volume":"108","author":"UK Chowdhury","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"393","article-title":"Groundwater arsenic contamination and human suffering in West Bengal, India and Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"UK Chowdhury","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Sci"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"326","article-title":"Arsenical dermatosis from tubewell water in West Bengal","volume":"85","author":"AK Chakraborty","year":"1987","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5966","article-title":"Arsenic groundwater contamination in Middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: A future danger?","volume":"111","author":"D Chakraborti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Ghosh AK, Singh SK, Bose N, Chaudhary S. Arsenic contaminated aquifers: a study of the Ganga levee zones in Bihar, India Royal Geographical Society, London Annual Conference Proceedings 2007."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India [<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cgwb.gov.in\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cgwb.gov.in\/<\/ext-link>]"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"599","article-title":"Arsenic content of drinking water in villages in northern India. A concept of arsenicosis","volume":"24","author":"DV Datta","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1021\/es0259842","article-title":"Arsenic contamination of Bangladesh paddy field soils: implications for rice contribution to arsenic consumption","volume":"37","author":"AA Meharg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"9348","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11738-7","article-title":"Arsenic in cooked rice in Bangladesh","volume":"360","author":"M Bae","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.06.010","article-title":"Inorganic arsenic in cooked rice and vegetables from Bangladeshi households","volume":"370","author":"NM Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"49","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311535110","article-title":"Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water can lead to resistance to antimonial drugs in a mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"110","author":"MR Perry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70320-0","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: elimination with existing interventions","volume":"11","author":"G Matlashewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: an unresolved mystery","volume":"30","author":"D Mukhopadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.08.005","article-title":"Urinary arsenic concentration adjustment factors and malnutrition","volume":"106","author":"B Nermell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.3.849-854.2001","article-title":"Development of a species-specific PCR assay for detection of <italic>Leishmania donovani<\/italic> in clinical samples from patients with kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"39","author":"P Salotra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003518","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003518","article-title":"Arsenic Exposure and Outcomes of Antimonial Treatment in Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients in Bihar, India: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"MR Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1227","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001227","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and arsenic: an ancient poison contributing to antimonial treatment failure in the Indian subcontinent?","volume":"5","author":"MR Perry","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181637.10978.e6","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in persons with skin lesions resulting from arsenic in drinking water","volume":"16","author":"DN Mazumder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0467","article-title":"Clinical epidemiologic profile of a cohort of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients in Bihar, India","volume":"86","author":"VN Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.336","article-title":"Development of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in miltefosine-treated visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"80","author":"VN Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20990","article-title":"Low level, long-term inorganic arsenite exposure causes generalized resistance to apoptosis in cultured human keratinocytes: Potential role in skin co-carcinogenesis","volume":"116","author":"J Pi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000220554.50837.7f","article-title":"Modification of risk of arsenic-induced skin lesions by sunlight exposure, smoking, and occupational exposures in Bangladesh","volume":"17","author":"Y Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2001.9277","article-title":"Arsenite is a cocarcinogen with solar ultraviolet radiation for mouse skin: an animal model for arsenic carcinogenesis","volume":"176","author":"TG Rossman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90219-6","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"95","author":"EE Zijlstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125002211","article-title":"The natural history of Sudanese post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: clinical, immunological and prognostic features","volume":"96","author":"AM Musa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10149.x","article-title":"Sun exposure induces rapid immunological changes in skin and peripheral blood in patients with psoriasis","volume":"164","author":"E S\u00f8yland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10430.x","article-title":"Sun exposure rapidly reduces plasmacytoid dendritic cells and inflammatory dermal dendritic cells in psoriatic skin","volume":"165","author":"I Heier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20229","article-title":"Evaluation of micronucleus frequencies and DNA damage in glass workers exposed to arsenic","volume":"47","author":"SB Vuyyuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MCBI.0000007262.26044.e8","article-title":"Oxidative mechanism of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis","volume":"255","author":"H Shi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01549-2","article-title":"Organ-specific immune responses associated with infectious disease","volume":"21","author":"CR Engwerda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.06.013","article-title":"Host peroxisomal properties are not restored to normal after treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with sodium antimony gluconate","volume":"123","author":"S Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4860fje","article-title":"Assessment of lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine secretion in children exposed to arsenic","volume":"20","author":"GA Soto-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327108094607","article-title":"Analysis of T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in the individuals exposed to arsenic","volume":"27","author":"R Biswas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum ExpToxicol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109192","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109192","article-title":"Differential susceptibility of human peripheral blood T cells to suppression by environmental levels of sodium arsenite and monomethyl arsonous acid","volume":"9","author":"SW Burchiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.045062","article-title":"Mutual Interaction between Nutritional Status and Chronic Arsenic Toxicity due to Groundwater Contamination in an Area of Terai, Lowland Nepal","volume":"61","author":"M Maharjan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6841","article-title":"Nutritional factors and susceptibility to arsenic-caused skin lesions in West Bengal, India","volume":"112","author":"S. R. Mitra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.08.018","article-title":"Upregulation of surface proteins in <italic>Leishmania donovani<\/italic> isolated from patients of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"P Salotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005060","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T21:35:23Z","timestamp":1588973723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005060"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Charles L.","family":"Jaffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]}}}