{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:11:08Z","timestamp":1791951068875,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005965","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]],"date-time":"2017-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508284800000}}],"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA-ARS CRIS project","award":["2090-32000-039-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2090-32000-039-00D"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-67015-24968."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-67015-24968."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T17:32:55Z","timestamp":1507311175000},"page":"e0005965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The Babesia bovis hap2 gene is not required for blood stage replication, but expressed upon in vitro sexual stage induction"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hala E.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginaldo G.","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendell C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma K.","family":"Adham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Laughery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Herndon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba F.","family":"Alzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00034-9","article-title":"Development of effective living vaccines against bovine babesiosis\u2014the longest field trial?","volume":"27","author":"LL Callow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10929.x","article-title":"An estimate of the economic effects of cattle tick (<italic>Boophilus microplus<\/italic>) infestation on Queensland dairy farms","volume":"79","author":"NN Jonsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-010-9390-8","article-title":"<italic>Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus<\/italic>: a most successful invasive tick species in West-Africa","volume":"53","author":"M Madder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00195","article-title":"Integrated Strategy for Sustainable Cattle Fever Tick Eradication in USA is Required to Mitigate the Impact of Global Change","volume":"3","author":"AA P\u00e9rez de Le\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030148","article-title":"Genome sequence of <italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic> and comparative analysis of apicomplexan hemoprotozoa","volume":"3","author":"KA Brayton","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"Pt.14","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003381","article-title":"Proteins of the malaria parasite sexual stages: expression, function and potential for transmission blocking strategies","volume":"134","author":"G Pradel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05286.x","article-title":"Culture-Derived Parasites in Vaccination of Cattle against Tick-Borne Diseases","volume":"916","author":"V Shkap","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000961","article-title":"Vaccines against bovine babesiosis: where we are now and possible roads ahead","volume":"141","author":"M Florin-Christensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.032","article-title":"Emerging perspectives in the research of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis","volume":"180","author":"CE Suarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.08.005","article-title":"Genetic differences between primary larynx and pharynx carcinomas and their matched lymph node metastases by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification","volume":"45","author":"M Alonso Guervos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.042","article-title":"Live vaccines against bovine babesiosis","volume":"138","author":"DT de Waal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712799828355","article-title":"Current Advances in Detection and Treatment of Babesiosis","volume":"19","author":"J Mosqueda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00930815","article-title":"Sexual cycle of <italic>Babesia divergens<\/italic> confirmed by DNA measurements","volume":"76","author":"U Mackenstedt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00947","article-title":"Analysis of Stage-Specific Protein Expression during <italic>Babesia Bovis<\/italic> Development within Female <italic>Rhipicephalus Microplus<\/italic>","volume":"16","author":"WC Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1656508","article-title":"The conserved plant sterility gene HAP2 functions after attachment of fusogenic membranes in <italic>Chlamydomonas<\/italic> and <italic>Plasmodium<\/italic> gametes","volume":"22","author":"Y Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes & Development"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163791","article-title":"Expression of 6-Cys Gene Superfamily Defines <italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic> Sexual Stage Development within <italic>Rhipicephalus microplus<\/italic>","volume":"11","author":"HF Alzan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57909","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057909","article-title":"Qualification of standard membrane-feeding assay with <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> malaria and potential improvements for future assays","volume":"8","author":"K Miura","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00766-07","article-title":"Persistently infected calves as reservoirs for acquisition and transovarial transmission of <italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic> by <italic>Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus<\/italic>","volume":"45","author":"JM Howell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.4.667","article-title":"Dermacentor variabilis and <italic>boophilus microplus<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae): experimental vectors of <italic>Babesia equi<\/italic> to equids","volume":"39","author":"D Stiller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11046.x","article-title":"<italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic> immunity. <italic>In vitro<\/italic> and <italic>in vivo<\/italic> evidence for IL-10 regulation of IFN-gamma and iNOS","volume":"849","author":"WL Goff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.032144","article-title":"Detecting Amino Acid Sites Under Positive Selection and Purifying Selection","volume":"169","author":"T Massingham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"4436","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7355284","article-title":"<italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic>: continuous cultivation in a microaerophilous stationary phase culture","volume":"207","author":"M Levy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90096-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of <italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic> merozoite surface proteins bearing epitopes immunodominant in protected cattle","volume":"37","author":"SA Hines","year":"1989","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.08.006","article-title":"Stable expression of a GFP-BSD fusion protein in <italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic> merozoites","volume":"39","author":"CE Suarez","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.01.008","article-title":"Generation of stable L. major+EGFP-LUC and simultaneous comparison between EGFP and luciferase sensitivity","volume":"150","author":"T Taheri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00933775","article-title":"Fluorescence-activated cell sorting-derived clones of <italic>Babesia bigemina<\/italic> show karyotype polymorphism","volume":"80","author":"DM Estes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.07.003","article-title":"<italic>Babesia bigemina<\/italic> sexual stages are induced <italic>in vitro<\/italic> and are specifically recognized by antibodies in the midgut of infected <italic>Boophilus microplus<\/italic> ticks","volume":"34","author":"J Mosqueda","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1985.46.02.416","article-title":"<italic>In vitro<\/italic> cultivation of <italic>Babesia bigemina<\/italic>","volume":"46","author":"CA Vega","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000052835","article-title":"Cryopreservation of <italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic> for <italic>in vitro<\/italic> cultivation","volume":"84","author":"DA Palmer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"J Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Meth"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.56.9.2363-2368.1988","article-title":"Identification of <italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic> merozoite surface antigens by using immune bovine sera and monoclonal antibodies","volume":"56","author":"WL Goff","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-603","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic position of <italic>Theileria equi<\/italic>","volume":"13","author":"LS Kappmeyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"5731","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110439","article-title":"Genome Sequence of <italic>Theileria parva<\/italic>, a Bovine Pathogen That Transforms Lymphocytes","volume":"309","author":"MJ Gardner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015957","article-title":"The Functional Domain of GCS1-Based Gamete Fusion Resides in the Amino Terminus in Plant and Parasite Species","volume":"5","author":"T Mori","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1298-6","article-title":"RNA Seq analysis of the <italic>Eimeria tenella<\/italic> gametocyte transcriptome reveals clues about the molecular basis for sexual reproduction and oocyst biogenesis","volume":"16","author":"RA Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-763","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome analysis of geographically distinct virulent and attenuated <italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic> strains reveals similar gene expression changes through attenuation","volume":"14","author":"MJ Pedroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.05.016","article-title":"<italic>Babesia bovis<\/italic>: transcriptional analysis of rRNA gene unit expression","volume":"123","author":"JM Laughery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2010.185","article-title":"Rapid isolation of single malaria parasite-infected red blood cells by cell sorting","volume":"6","author":"J Miao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature protocols"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.03.045","article-title":"Male Fertility of Malaria Parasites Is Determined by GCS1, a Plant-Type Reproduction Factor","volume":"18","author":"M Hirai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"6673","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/32667","article-title":"Identification of xanthurenic acid as the putative inducer of malaria development in the mosquito","volume":"392","author":"O Billker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12003","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.20.12003","article-title":"Xanthurenic acid induces gametogenesis in <italic>Plasmodium<\/italic>, the malaria parasite","volume":"273","author":"GE Garcia","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2009.12.007","article-title":"Is HAP2-GCS1 an ancestral gamete fusogen?","volume":"20","author":"JL Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Cell Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.118844","article-title":"The cytoplasmic domain of the gamete membrane fusion protein HAP2 targets the protein to the fusion site in <italic>Chlamydomonas<\/italic> and regulates the fusion reaction","volume":"142","author":"Y Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.06.069","article-title":"<italic>Plasmodium berghei<\/italic> HAP2 induces strong malaria transmission-blocking immunity <italic>in vivo<\/italic> and <italic>in vitro<\/italic>","volume":"27","author":"AM Blagborough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"29","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8827","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501725112","article-title":"Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life","volume":"112","author":"D Speijer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005965","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]],"date-time":"2017-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508284800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005965","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T01:28:24Z","timestamp":1750901304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005965"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Krause","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005965","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]]}}}