{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:56:10Z","timestamp":1774353370611,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006004","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000}}],"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DFID"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T17:35:46Z","timestamp":1507743346000},"page":"e0006004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Is mass drug administration against lymphatic filariasis required in urban settings? The experience in Kano, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dung D.","family":"Pam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5000-6177","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dziedzom K.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"D'Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Millicent","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safiya","family":"Sanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Nazaradden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ifeoma N.","family":"Anagbogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chukwu","family":"Okoronkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Molyneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses J.","family":"Bockarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin G.","family":"Koudou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"491","article-title":"Strategies and tools for the control\/elimination of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"75","author":"EA Ottesen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3226-x","article-title":"Urban lymphatic filariasis","volume":"112","author":"PE Simonsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref3","first-page":"489","article-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2014","volume":"90","year":"2015","journal-title":"Weekly epidemiological record \/ Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-6-4","article-title":"Physical disability and psychosocial impact due to chronic filarial lymphoedema in Sri Lanka","volume":"6","author":"RS Wijesinghe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000317","article-title":"The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: Health Impact after 8 Years","volume":"2","author":"EA Ottesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30171-4","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: progress towards addressing the chronic pandemic","volume":"389","author":"DH Molyneux","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-100","article-title":"The 6th Meeting of the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: A half-time review of lymphatic filariasis elimination and its integration with the control of other neglected tropical diseases","volume":"3","author":"GAELF Addiss D","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2700","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002700","article-title":"No Evidence for Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission in Big Cities Affected by Conflict Related Rural-Urban Migration in Sierra Leone and Liberia","volume":"8","author":"DK de Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1077-x","article-title":"Assessing the presence of Wuchereria bancrofti in vector and human populations from urban communities in Conakry, Guinea","volume":"8","author":"BL Kouassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Entomological Survey of Mosquitoes Responsible for the Tranmission of Lymphatic Filariasis in Three Endemic Villages of Kano State, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"M Dogara","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Internet Journal of World Health and Societal Politics"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"WHO (2009) The role of polymerase chain reaction techniques for assessing lymphatic filariasis transmission. WHO\/HTM\/NTD\/PCT\/20091: 1\u201359."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762007005000058","article-title":"Laboratory and field evaluation of an oviposition trap for Culex quinquefasciatus(Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"102","author":"RM Barbosa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64939","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064939","article-title":"Filling the Gap 115 Years after Ronald Ross: The Distribution of the <italic>Anopheles coluzzii<\/italic> and <italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/italic> s.s from Freetown and Monrovia, West Africa","volume":"8","author":"DK de Souza","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-259","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis vectors and the implications for accelerated elimination of Anopheles-transmitted filariasis in West Africa","volume":"5","author":"DK de Souza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125002383","article-title":"Field application of PCR-based assays for monitoring Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Africa","volume":"96","author":"RM Ramzy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125002239","article-title":"PCR-based detection and identification of the filarial parasite Brugia timori from Alor Island, Indonesia","volume":"96","author":"P Fischer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara","volume":"55","author":"MT Gillies","year":"1987","journal-title":"S Afr Inst Med Res"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"343","article-title":"The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoographical Region)","volume":"54","author":"MT Gillies","year":"1968","journal-title":"South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00393.x","article-title":"Simultaneous identification of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP","volume":"16","author":"C Fanello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.08.018","article-title":"Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in human blood and vector mosquitoes","volume":"60","author":"H Takagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology International"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90205-4","article-title":"A polymerase chain reaction-based assay for detection of <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/italic> in human blood and <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic>","volume":"91","author":"RMR Ramzy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.5.1414","article-title":"Determining the prevalence of <italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/italic> infection in vector populations by PCR screening of pools of black flies","volume":"172","author":"C Katholi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.779","article-title":"Important experimental parameters for determining infection rates in arthropod vectors using pool screening approaches","volume":"74","author":"CR Katholi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-39","article-title":"Can malaria vector control accelerate the interruption of lymphatic filariasis transmission in Africa; capturing a window of opportunity?","volume":"6","author":"LA Kelly-Hope","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090626","article-title":"Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"54","author":"MJ Bockarie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-119","article-title":"Gender differences in the use of insecticide-treated nets after a universal free distribution campaign in Kano State, Nigeria: post-campaign survey results","volume":"12","author":"AE Garley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009927","article-title":"Environmental Factors Associated with the Distribution of <italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/italic> s.s in Ghana; an Important Vector of Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria","volume":"5","author":"D de Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00252-13","article-title":"Rapid Wuchereria bancrofti-specific antigen Wb123-based IgG4 immunoassays as tools for surveillance following mass drug administration programs on lymphatic filariasis","volume":"20","author":"C Steel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004722","article-title":"Programmatic Use of Molecular Xenomonitoring at the Level of Evaluation Units to Assess Persistence of Lymphatic Filariasis in Sri Lanka","volume":"10","author":"RU Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3281","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003281","article-title":"A Comprehensive Assessment of Lymphatic Filariasis in Sri Lanka Six Years after Cessation of Mass Drug Administration","volume":"8","author":"RU Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.593","article-title":"A Critical Appraisal of Molecular Xenomonitoring as a Tool for Assessing Progress toward Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis","volume":"77","author":"HA Farid","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.03.005","article-title":"Mathematical models and lymphatic filariasis control: endpoints and optimal interventions","volume":"22","author":"E Michael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.03.013","article-title":"The role of monitoring mosquito infection in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"25","author":"EM Pederson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"171","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in the Igwun Basin, Nigeria. An epidemiological, parasitological, and clinical study in relation to the transmission dynamics","volume":"45","author":"JK Udonsi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"181","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis among the Ezza people of Ebonyi State, Eastern Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"JC Anosike","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(92)90001-7","article-title":"Elephantiasis: a disease of development in north east Ghana","volume":"35","author":"JM Hunter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-85","article-title":"Studies of <italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/italic> s.l (Diptera: Culicidae) exhibiting different vectorial capacities in lymphatic filariasis transmission in the Gomoa district, Ghana","volume":"3","author":"H Amuzu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-22","article-title":"Geographic and ecologic heterogeneity in elimination thresholds for the major vector-borne helminthic disease, lymphatic filariasis","volume":"8","author":"M Gambhir","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Biology"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"ref42","first-page":"S29","article-title":"First evidence of spatial clustering of lymphatic filariasis in an Aedes polynesiensis endemic area","volume":"120","author":"H Joseph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004641","article-title":"A Novel Xenomonitoring Technique Using Mosquito Excreta\/Feces for the Detection of Filarial Parasites and Malaria","volume":"10","author":"N Pilotte","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1091-z","article-title":"The impact of residual infections on Anopheles-transmitted Wuchereria bancrofti after multiple rounds of mass drug administration","volume":"8","author":"DK de Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90310-9","article-title":"Recent advances in the epidemiology and control of filarial infections including entomological aspects of transmission","volume":"78","author":"BA Southgate","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e773","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000773","article-title":"Screening mosquito house entry points as a potential method for integrated control of endophagic filariasis, arbovirus and malaria vectors","volume":"4","author":"SB Ogoma","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006004","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T15:43:41Z","timestamp":1589039021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006004"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Wilma A.","family":"Stolk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006004","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006004","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]}}}