{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T12:13:55Z","timestamp":1776860035891,"version":"3.51.2"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006102","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]],"date-time":"2017-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513728000000}}],"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]],"date-time":"2017-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PO 5309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PO 5309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]],"date-time":"2017-12-08T14:27:15Z","timestamp":1512743235000},"page":"e0006102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Interpreting ambiguous \u2018trace\u2019 results in Schistosoma mansoni CCA Tests: Estimating sensitivity and specificity of ambiguous results with no gold standard"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3442-3947","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle N.","family":"Clements","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christl A.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narcis B.","family":"Kabatereine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah C. L.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aboulaye","family":"Meit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eli\u00e9zer K.","family":"N'Goran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolisa","family":"Nalule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Nogaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edridah Muheki","family":"Tukahebwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona M.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Sustaining the drive to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: second WHO report on neglected tropical diseases: summary. 2013."},{"issue":"10053","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31460-X","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Disability-adjusted Life Years (Dalys) for 315 Diseases and Injuries and Healthy Life Expectancy (Hale), 1990\u20132015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"V Feigin","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00066-3","article-title":"Spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and treatment needs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and geostatistical analysis","volume":"15","author":"Y-S Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30535-7","article-title":"A call to strengthen the global strategy against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: the time is now","volume":"17","author":"NC Lo","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003504","article-title":"It&apos;s Time to Dispel the Myth of &quot;Asymptomatic&quot; Schistosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"CH King","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Helminth control in school-age children. A guide for managers of control programmes. 2011."},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"394","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative determination of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in faeces examined by the thick-smear technique","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.06.011","article-title":"Variations in helminth faecal egg counts in Kato\u2013Katz thick smears and their implications in assessing infection status with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"92","author":"N Berhe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003004128","article-title":"The influence of sampling effort and the performance of the Kato-Katz technique in diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm co-infections in rural C\u00f4te d&apos;Ivoire","volume":"127","author":"M Booth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0639","article-title":"A five-country evaluation of a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen urine assay for the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"88","author":"DG Colley","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Report of the WHO Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003402","article-title":"A latent Markov modelling approach to the evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen strips for schistosomiasis diagnosis pre-and post-praziquantel treatment in Uganda","volume":"9","author":"A Koukounari","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS computational biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12117","article-title":"Evaluation of urine\u2010circulating cathodic antigen (Urine\u2010CCA) cassette test for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas of moderate prevalence in Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"B Erko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.04.001","article-title":"Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-cassette assay as a survey tool for Schistosoma mansoni in different transmission settings within Bugiri District, Uganda","volume":"136","author":"M Adriko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002843","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy and Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Methods for Detection of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in a Post-Treatment Setting in Western Kenya","volume":"8","author":"LM Assefa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040633","article-title":"Bayesian latent class models in malaria diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"L Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713505587","article-title":"Bayesian estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of individual fecal culture and Paralisa to detect Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in young farmed deer","volume":"25","author":"LA Stringer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Helminth control in school age children. 2011."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0639","article-title":"A five-country evaluation of a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen urine assay for the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"88","author":"DG Colley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2001.00158.x","article-title":"Bayesian approaches to modeling the conditional dependence between multiple diagnostic tests","author":"N Dendukuri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008929526011","article-title":"WinBUGS\u2014A Bayesian modelling framework: Concepts, structure, and extensibility","volume":"10","author":"DJ Lunn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Statistics and Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v012.i03","article-title":"R2WinBUGS: a package for running WinBUGS from R","volume":"12","author":"S Sturtz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical software"},{"key":"ref24","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136","article-title":"Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences","author":"A Gelman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Statistical science"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6218","article-title":"Estimation of diagnostic test accuracy without full verification: a review of latent class methods","volume":"33","author":"J Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Statistics in medicine"},{"key":"ref27","author":"EA Ochodo","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"14","article-title":"Evaluation of Point-of-Contact Circulating Cathodic Antigen Assays for the Detection of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Low-, Moderate-, and High-Prevalence Schools in Western Kenya","author":"KT Foo","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12485","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012485","article-title":"Defining the true sensitivity of culture for the diagnosis of melioidosis using Bayesian latent class models","volume":"5","author":"D Limmathurotsakul","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e951","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000951","article-title":"Evaluation of urine CCA assays for detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Western Kenya","volume":"5","author":"HL Shane","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Evaluation of point-of-contact circulating cathodic antigen assays for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in low-, moderate-, and high-prevalence schools in western Kenya","volume":"92","author":"KT Foo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00048","article-title":"Additional evaluation of the point-of-contact circulating cathodic antigen assay for schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"3","author":"PN Mwinzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo N, Coulibaly J, Bendavid E, N\u2019Goran E, Utzinger J, Keiser J, et al. Evaluation of a Urine Pooling Strategy for the Rapid and Cost-Efficient Prevalence Classification of Schistosomiasis2016.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004894"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005593","article-title":"Accuracy of parasitological and immunological tests for the screening of human schistosomiasis in immigrants and refugees from African countries: An approach with Latent Class Analysis","volume":"11","author":"A Beltrame","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0423-2016","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the circulating cathodic antigen rapid urine test in the diagnosis of Schistosomiasis mansoni infection and evaluation of morbidity in a low-endemic area in Brazil","volume":"50","author":"FT Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0725","article-title":"Comparison of Schistosoma mansoni prevalence and intensity of infection, as determined by the Circulating Cathodic Antigen urine assay or by the Kato-Katz fecal assay: a systematic review","volume":"94","author":"N Kittur","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0275-5","article-title":"Schistosomiasis is more prevalent than previously thought: what does it mean for public health goals, policies, strategies, guidelines and intervention programs?","volume":"6","author":"DG Colley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious diseases of poverty"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"It\u2019s time to dispel the myth of \u201casymptomatic\u201d schistosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"CH King","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7148","article-title":"Understanding the effects of conditional dependence in research studies involving imperfect diagnostic tests","volume":"36","author":"Z Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Statistics in medicine"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006102","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]],"date-time":"2017-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513728000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]],"date-time":"2019-10-07T15:01:13Z","timestamp":1570460473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006102"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Keiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006102","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006102","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]]}}}