{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:31:05Z","timestamp":1790472665044,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006397","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524787200000}}],"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondation M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection"},{"name":"French National Research Agency under the \u201cInvestissements d\u2019avenir\u201d program","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Human lice,\n                      <jats:italic>Pediculus humanus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , are obligate blood-sucking parasites. Body lice,\n                      <jats:italic>Pediculus h<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>humanus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , occur in two divergent mitochondrial clades (A and D) each exhibiting a particular geographic distribution. Currently, the body louse is recognized as the only vector for louse-borne diseases. In this study, we aimed to study the genetic diversity of body lice collected from homeless populations in three localities of northern Algeria, and to investigate louse-borne pathogens in these lice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, 524 body lice specimens were collected from 44 homeless people in three localities: Algiers, Tizi Ouzou and Boumerd\u00e8s located in northern Algeria. Duplex clade specific real-time PCRs (qPCR) and\n                      <jats:italic>Cytochrome b<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>cytb<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis were performed in order to identify the mitochondrial clade. Screening of louse-borne pathogens bacteria was based on targeting specific genes for each pathogen using qPCR supplemented by sequencing. All body lice belong to clade A. Through amplification and sequencing of the\n                      <jats:italic>cytb<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene we confirmed the presence of three haplotypes: A5, A9 and A63, which is novel. The molecular investigation of the 524 body lice samples revealed the presence of four human pathogens:\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella quintana<\/jats:italic>\n                      (13.35%),\n                      <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (10.52%),\n                      <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.76%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      species (\n                      <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>berezeniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>nosocomialis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , in total 46.94%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to show the genetic diversity and presence of several emerging pathogenic bacteria in homeless\u2019 body lice from Algeria. We also report for the first time, the presence of several species of\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      in human body lice. Our results highlight the fact that body lice may be suspected as being a much broader vector of several pathogenic agents than previously thought. Nevertheless, other studies are needed to encourage epidemiological investigations and surveys of louse-associated infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T13:33:46Z","timestamp":1523972026000},"page":"e0006397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["RETRACTED: Body lice of homeless people reveal the presence of several emerging bacterial pathogens in northern Algeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Meriem","family":"Louni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nassima","family":"Mana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idir","family":"Bitam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustapha","family":"Dahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Parola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Fenollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-2008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oleg","family":"Mediannikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref001","article-title":"Genetic analysis of lice supports direct contact between modern and archaic humans","volume":"2","author":"DL Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1618.1","article-title":"Geographic distributions and origins of human head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) based on mitochondrial data","volume":"94","author":"JE Light","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.09.003","article-title":"Biology and genetics of human head and body lice","volume":"28","author":"A Veracx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)09458-1","article-title":"Scabies and pediculosis","volume":"355","author":"O Chosidow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref005","first-page":"215","author":"K Mumcuoglu","year":"2008"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01694-X","article-title":"Ten thousand years of head lice infection","volume":"16","author":"A Ara\u00fajo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.01.017","article-title":"The origin and distribution of human lice in the world","volume":"23","author":"A Boutellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03778.x","article-title":"Human louse-transmitted infectious diseases","volume":"18","author":"S Badiaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2010174329","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety in head lice infection by Pediculus humanis capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) of a capillary spray containing a silicon-oil complex","volume":"17","author":"A Izri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120709-144739","article-title":"Arthropod-borne diseases associated with political and social disorder","volume":"56","author":"P Brouqui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058088","article-title":"Distinguishing body lice from head lice by multiplex real-time PCR analysis of the Phum_PHUM540560 Gene","volume":"8","author":"R Drali","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2012.01132.x","article-title":"Comparison of the transcriptional profiles of head and body lice","volume":"21","author":"BP Olds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164659","article-title":"High ancient genetic diversity of human lice, pediculus humanus, from Israel reveals new insights into the origin of clade b lice","volume":"11","author":"N Amanzougaghene","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0686","article-title":"A new clade of african body and head lice infected by Bartonella quintana and Yersinia pestis- Democratic republic of the congo","volume":"93","author":"R Drali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14188","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14188","article-title":"High diversity and rapid diversification in the head louse, Pediculus humanus (Pediculidae: Phthiraptera)","volume":"5","author":"M Ashfaq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005142","article-title":"Head lice of pygmies reveal the presence of relapsing fever Borreliae in the Republic of Congo","volume":"10","author":"N Amanzougaghene","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22336","article-title":"Mitochondrial diversity in human head louse populations across the Americas","volume":"152","author":"MS Ascunce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12058","article-title":"Evidence that clade A and clade B head lice live in sympatry and recombine in Algeria","volume":"29","author":"A Boutellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12076","article-title":"Second-generation sequencing of entire mitochondrial coding-regions (~15.4kb) holds promise for study of the phylogeny and taxonomy of human body lice and head lice","volume":"28","author":"H Xiong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0742-4","article-title":"Molecular survey of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis in Thailand and its potential role for transmitting Acinetobacter spp","volume":"8","author":"S Sunantaraporn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref021","article-title":"Molecular survey of head and body lice, Pediculus humanus, in France","author":"Kerdalidec Candy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1086\/520454","article-title":"The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases","volume":"29","author":"D Raoult","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1086\/508995","article-title":"Experimental model to evaluate the human body louse as a vector of plague","volume":"194","author":"L Houhamdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1903.121542","article-title":"Plague epidemics and lice, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"19","author":"R Piarroux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref025","first-page":"9","article-title":"The biology and taxonomy of head and body lice-implications for louse-borne disease prevention","author":"DL Bonilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.040242","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii in human body louse","volume":"10","author":"B La Scola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.526","article-title":"Experimental infection of human body lice with Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"74","author":"L Houhamdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1707-1709.2001","article-title":"Detection and culture of Bartonella quintana, Serratia marcescens, and Acinetobacter spp. from decontaminated human body lice","volume":"39","author":"B La Scola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.521","article-title":"Experimentally infected human body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus) as vectors of Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia conorii in a rabbit model","volume":"74","author":"L Houhamdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07436.x","article-title":"An experimental model of human body louse infection with Rickettsia typhi","volume":"990","author":"L Houhamdi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12292","article-title":"Comparison of the proliferation and excretion of Bartonella quintana between body and head lice following oral challenge","volume":"26","author":"JH Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12077","article-title":"Differential gene expression in laboratory strains of human head and body lice when challenged with Bartonella quintana, a pathogenic bacterium","volume":"23","author":"D Previte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.08.007","article-title":"No evidence of Bartonella quintana but detection of Acinetobacter baumannii in head lice from elementary schoolchildren in Paris","volume":"34","author":"S Bouvresse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.06.003","article-title":"Human head lice and pubic lice reveal the presence of several Acinetobacter species in Algiers, Algeria","volume":"53","author":"N Mana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.05.1024","article-title":"Detection of Acinetobacter baumannii in human head and body lice from Ethiopia and identification of new genotypes","volume":"16","author":"M Kempf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.121480","article-title":"Borrelia recurrentis in head lice, Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"A Boutellis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0707","article-title":"Detection of Bartonella quintana in African body and head lice","volume":"91","author":"AK Sangar\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110453","article-title":"Altitude-dependent Bartonella quintana Genotype C in Head Lice, Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"E Angelakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb35086.x","article-title":"Virulence of Rickettsia prowazakii for Head Lice","volume":"266","author":"ES Murray","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0842-5","article-title":"Potential role of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, as vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii","volume":"90","author":"D Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref041","first-page":"764","article-title":"Infection latente et conservation de \u201cRickettsia burnetii\u201d chez l\u2019homme, le role du pou","volume":"47","author":"P Giroud","year":"1954","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of bacterial pathogens including potential new species in human head lice from human head lice from Mali","author":"N Amanzougaghene","year":"2017"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.596-599.1999","article-title":"Body lice as tools for diagnosis and surveillance of reemerging diseases","volume":"37","author":"V Roux","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref044","article-title":"Genotyping of human lice suggests multiple emergences of body lice from local head louse populations","volume":"4","author":"W Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.3.827-832.2006","article-title":"Sequencing of the rpoB gene and flanking spacers for molecular identification of Acinetobacter species","author":"B La Scola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.09.009","article-title":"Natural Anaplasmataceae infection in Rhipicephalus bursa ticks collected from sheep in the French Basque Country","volume":"8","author":"M Dahmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.041354","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii genotyping","volume":"11","author":"O Glazunova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","article-title":"MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0","volume":"30","author":"K Tamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00760.x","article-title":"Identification of mosquito bloodmeals using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b gene sequences","volume":"22","author":"JS Townzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.10.001","article-title":"Multiple tick-associated bacteria in Ixodes ricinus from Slovakia","volume":"3","author":"G Subramanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1086\/526520","article-title":"Molecular identification of lice from pre-Columbian mummies","volume":"197","author":"D Raoult","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1086\/427041","article-title":"Lumley H de, Raoult D. Bartonella quintana in a 4000-year-old human tooth","volume":"191","author":"M Drancourt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref053","first-page":"112","article-title":"Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana isolation in patient with chronic adenopathy, lymphopenia, and a cat","volume":"193","author":"D Raoult","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet L Engl"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2006)043[0110:FMEOBQ]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"First molecular evidence of Bartonella quintana in Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), collected from Nepalese children","volume":"43","author":"T Sasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199712253372603","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis\u2013peliosis","volume":"337","author":"JE Koehler","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00804.x","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in head louse nits","volume":"62","author":"E Angelakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0845","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in Head Lice from Senegal","volume":"12","author":"A Boutellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0685","article-title":"Prevalence of Bartonella quintana in patients with fever and head lice from rural areas of Sine-Saloum, Senegal","volume":"91","author":"G Diatta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1409.080204","article-title":"Preventing and controlling emerging and reemerging transmissible diseases in the homeless","volume":"14","author":"S Badiaga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040668","article-title":"Bacterial zoonoses and infective endocarditis, Algeria","volume":"11","author":"A Benslimani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.503","article-title":"High prevalence of Bartonella quintana endocarditis in Sfax, Tunisia","volume":"72","author":"A Znazen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020111","article-title":"Human pathogens in body and head lice","volume":"8","author":"PE Fournier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000654","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in humans and ticks in rural Senegal","volume":"4","author":"O Mediannikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: A paradigm change","volume":"30","author":"C Eldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.09.007","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in Ethiopian lice","volume":"35","author":"S Cutler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.05.029","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii-positive PCR in febrile patients in rural and urban Africa","volume":"28","author":"E Angelakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2016.01.002","article-title":"Molecular evidence of vector-borne pathogens in dogs and cats and their ectoparasites in Algiers, Algeria","volume":"45","author":"A Bessas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1316-9","article-title":"Detection of Bartonella tamiae, Coxiella burnetii and rickettsiae in arthropods and tissues from wild and domestic animals in northeastern Algeria","volume":"9","author":"H Leulmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v84i1.1461","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) population in Algeria","volume":"84","author":"MH Benaissa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref070","first-page":"82","article-title":"Q fever: A zoonosis","volume":"5","author":"B Babudieri","year":"1959","journal-title":"Adv Vet Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.09.019","article-title":"Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and \u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia\u201d bacteria: Pathogenicity, biodiversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review","volume":"11","author":"V Rar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-6-2145","article-title":"Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila","volume":"51","author":"JS Dumler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.02.002","article-title":"Development of a new PCR-based assay to detect Anaplasmataceae and the first report of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma platys in cattle from Algeria","volume":"39","author":"M Dahmani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.01.001","article-title":"Prevalence of select vector-borne pathogens in stray and client-owned dogs from Algiers","volume":"38","author":"N Azzag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref075","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Detection and Identification of Ehrlichia spp. in ticks collected in Tunisia and Morocco","volume":"43","author":"MH Sarih","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001805","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Acinetobacters: Three genomes for three lifestyles","volume":"3","author":"D Vallenet","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref077","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hemocytes from Pediculus humanus humanus are hosts for human bacterial pathogens","volume":"4","author":"P-J Coulaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.9.2747-2751.2002","article-title":"Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibilities of three rickettsial species including Rickettsia felis by a quantitative PCR DNA assay","volume":"46","author":"JM Rolain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.100573","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever borreliosis, rural senegal","volume":"17","author":"P Parola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0182","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in Cimex hemipterus, Rwanda","volume":"89","author":"E Angelakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0006397.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015405","article-title":"Evidence of a louse-borne outbreak involving typhus in Douai, 1710\u20131712 during the war of Spanish succession","volume":"5","author":"T Nguyen-Hieu","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010979","type":"expression_of_concern","label":"Expression of concern","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"record-id":"45678"},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006397","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524787200000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010979","type":"expression_of_concern","label":"Expression of concern","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014290","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014290","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"record-id":"70546"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006397","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:42:50Z","timestamp":1778002970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006397"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Vinetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006397","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]}}}