{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:51:36Z","timestamp":1792896696709,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]],"date-time":"2018-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["096400\/Z\/11\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["096400\/Z\/11\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01TW009237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01TW009237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/J010367\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/J010367\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/L018926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/L018926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/L018845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/L018845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["East of Scotland Bioscience Doctoral Training Partnership"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["East of Scotland Bioscience Doctoral Training Partnership"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI121378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI121378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Frances G. Cotter Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Frances G. Cotter Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MacGibbon PhD Travel Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MacGibbon PhD Travel Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]],"date-time":"2018-06-07T13:24:47Z","timestamp":1528377887000},"page":"e0006444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Assessment of animal hosts of pathogenic Leptospira in northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6612-889X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Allan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo E. B.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Moseley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan W.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marga G. A.","family":"Goris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudy A.","family":"Hartskeerl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Keyyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tito","family":"Kibona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venance P.","family":"Maro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Maze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blandina T.","family":"Mmbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rigobert","family":"Tarimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cleaveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"F Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.012","article-title":"Estimating the burden of human leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"B Abela-Ridder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"65","article-title":"<italic>Leptospira<\/italic> and Leptospirosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol","volume":"387","author":"DA Haake","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003866","article-title":"A systematic review of the mortality from untreated leptospirosis","volume":"9","author":"AJ Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"PN Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x","article-title":"Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world","volume":"17","author":"R Hartskeerl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"11","article-title":"<italic>Leptospira<\/italic> and Leptospirosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol","volume":"387","author":"PN Levett","year":"2015"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4061","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.066597-0","article-title":"<italic>Leptospira mayottensis<\/italic> sp. nov., a pathogenic <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> species isolated from humans","volume":"64","author":"P Bourhy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"99","article-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol","volume":"387","author":"WA Ellis","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0176","article-title":"Leptospirosis among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania","volume":"85","author":"HM Biggs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005165","article-title":"Comparison of the estimated incidence of acute leptospirosis in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania between 2007\u201308 and 2012\u201314","volume":"10","author":"MJ Maze","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2589","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002589","article-title":"Estimating leptospirosis incidence using hospital-based surveillance and a population-based health care utilization survey in Tanzania","volume":"7","author":"HM Biggs","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004251","article-title":"<italic>Leptospira<\/italic> serovars for diagnosis of leptospirosis in humans and animals in Africa: common <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> isolates and reservoir hosts","volume":"9","author":"GF Mgode","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Home Office. Guidance on the Operation of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. 2014."},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"The AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals","author":"S Leary","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Population and Housing Census","year":"2012","journal-title":"Population and Housing Census"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Basic data for livestock and fisheries sectors","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic data for livestock and fisheries sectors"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Population and Housing Census","year":"2002","journal-title":"Population and Housing Census"},{"key":"ref19","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref20","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Sergeant ESG. Epitools epidemiological calculators: AusVet Animal Health Services and Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease 2016. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/epitool.ausvet.com.au\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/epitool.ausvet.com.au\/<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0415","article-title":"Urban leptospirosis in Africa: a cross-sectional survey of <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> infection in rodents in the Kibera urban settlement, Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"89","author":"JE Halliday","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014111","article-title":"First isolation and direct evidence for the existence of large small-mammal reservoirs of <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> sp. in Madagascar","volume":"5","author":"S Rahelinirina","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"17","article-title":"PCR detection of <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> DNA in rodents and insectivores from Tanzania","volume":"135","author":"GF Mgode","year":"2005","journal-title":"Belg J Zool"},{"key":"ref25","author":"JEB Halliday","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh096","article-title":"Comparison of two cluster sampling methods for health surveys in developing countries","volume":"33","author":"P Milligan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl019","article-title":"Optimization of household survey sampling without sample frames","volume":"35","author":"K Bostoen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"The Field Museum. Mammals of Tanzania: Order Rodentia Chicago. 2011. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/archive.fieldmuseum.org\/tanzania\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/archive.fieldmuseum.org\/tanzania\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref29","author":"D Cunningham","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60190-1","article-title":"A survey of zoonotic diseases in trade cattle slaughtered at Tanga city abattoir: a cause of public health concern","volume":"2","author":"ES Swai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.014","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> spp. through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction targeting the LipL32 gene","volume":"64","author":"RA Stoddard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-353-4_17","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> spp. through real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting the LipL32 gene","author":"RA Stoddard","year":"2013","journal-title":"PCR Detection of Microbial Pathogens"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.024","article-title":"Optimization of LipL32 PCR assay for increased sensitivity in diagnosing leptospirosis","volume":"82","author":"RL Galloway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002752","article-title":"Conservation of the S10-spc-\u0152\u00b1 locus within otherwise highly plastic genomes provides phylogenetic insight into the genus <italic>Leptospira<\/italic>","volume":"3","author":"B Victoria","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-5-28","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species","volume":"5","author":"N Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12777","article-title":"Diversification of an emerging pathogen in a biodiversity hotspot: <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> in endemic small mammals of Madagascar","volume":"23","author":"M Dietrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7093","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007093","article-title":"Development and validation of a real-time PCR for detection of pathogenic <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> species in clinical materials","volume":"4","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref38","author":"S Faine","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref39","author":"R Hartskeerl","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"273","article-title":"<italic>Leptospira<\/italic> and Leptospirosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol","volume":"387","author":"R Hartskeerl","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1954","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001954","article-title":"A single multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for seven pathogenic <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> species","volume":"7","author":"S Boonsilp","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-595","article-title":"BIGSdb: Scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level","volume":"11","author":"KA Jolley","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref43","author":"KA Jolley","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"GenBank","author":"DA Benson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2307\/1378903","article-title":"Correction for Sprung Traps in Catch\/Effort Calculations of Trapping Results","volume":"54","author":"L Nelson","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"ref47","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell FE, Dupont C,. Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. Version 3.17\u20134 ed. 2016.","DOI":"10.5260\/chara.17.4.44"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(97)00081-0","article-title":"A new probability formula for surveys to substantiate freedom from disease","volume":"34","author":"AR Cameron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.11.011","article-title":"Influence of risk factors on renal leptospiral load in naturally infected wild black rats","volume":"125","author":"A Desvars","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2002.36270","article-title":"Fifty years of leptospirosis research in New Zealand: a perspective","volume":"50","author":"R Marshall","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003899","article-title":"Epidemiology of leptospirosis in Africa: a systematic review of a neglected zoonosis and a paradigm for \u2018One Health\u2019 in Africa","volume":"9","author":"KJ Allan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"RatZooMan Workshop","author":"S Belmain","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.02.002","article-title":"Serological and molecular characterization of <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> serovar Kenya from captive African giant pouched rats (<italic>Cricetomys gambianus<\/italic>) from Morogoro Tanzania","volume":"41","author":"RS Machang'u","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1629","article-title":"Aboriginal and invasive rats of genus rattus as hosts of infectious agents","volume":"15","author":"M Kosoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63278-0","article-title":"New <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> serovar Sokoine of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae from cattle in Tanzania","volume":"56","author":"GF Mgode","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"30\u201343","key":"ref57","article-title":"<italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/italic> in rural Tanzania: risk factors for infection in human and cattle populations","volume":"87","author":"S Cleaveland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73515-8","article-title":"Cow-level prevalence of paratuberculosis in culled dairy cows in Atlantic Canada and Maine","volume":"87","author":"S McKenna","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-013-0480-6","article-title":"Leptospirosis in sheep and goats under tropical conditions","volume":"46","author":"G Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2015.1049668","article-title":"Serological patterns, antibody half-life and shedding in urine of <italic>Leptospira<\/italic> spp. in naturally exposed sheep","volume":"63","author":"E Vallee","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Livestock Information Sector Analysis and Policy Branch","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref62","author":"KJ Allan","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003607","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003607","article-title":"Predominant leptospiral serogroups circulating among humans, livestock and wildlife in Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem, Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"JA Assenga","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref64","first-page":"51","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with of bovine leptospirosis in small scale dairy farms in Tanga Region, Tanzania","volume":"53","author":"ES Swai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull Anim Health Prod Afr"},{"issue":"Suppl.1","key":"ref65","first-page":"97","article-title":"Leptospirosis in animals and humans in selected areas of Tanzania","volume":"127","author":"RS Machang'u","year":"1997","journal-title":"Belg J Zool"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v79i2.250","article-title":"Investigation of a syndrome characterised by passage of red urine in smallholder dairy cattle in East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania","volume":"79","author":"ED Karimuribo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815001363","article-title":"Genotyping of Leptospira directly in urine samples of cattle demonstrates a diversity of species and strains in Brazil","volume":"144","author":"C Hamond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001147","article-title":"Advances and challenges in barcoding pathogenic and environmental <italic>Leptospira<\/italic>","volume":"18","author":"V Guernier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Risk factors for acute leptospirosis in northern Tanzania","author":"MJ Maze","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1179\/000349809X12554106963393","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of leptospirosis, amongst at-risk groups in and around Tanga city, Tanzania","volume":"103","author":"L Schoonman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003843","article-title":"Environmental and behavioural determinants of leptospirosis transmission: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"MA Mwachui","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002324","article-title":"Etiology of severe non-malaria febrile illness in northern Tanzania: a prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"JA Crump","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref73","first-page":"678","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+C-content biases","volume":"9","author":"K Tamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006444","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]],"date-time":"2019-10-19T02:00:21Z","timestamp":1571450421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006444"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Janet","family":"Foley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006444","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]]}}}