{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:05:28Z","timestamp":1787580328717,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]],"date-time":"2018-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]],"date-time":"2018-06-20T13:45:17Z","timestamp":1529502317000},"page":"e0006456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The sero-prevalence of brucellosis in cattle and their herders in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nuol Aywel","family":"Madut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Muwonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George William","family":"Nasinyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Bwalya","family":"Muma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Godfroid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambrose Samuel","family":"Jubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Muleme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6982-912X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clovice","family":"Kankya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001865","article-title":"Global burden of human brucellosis: a systematic review of disease frequency","volume":"6","author":"AS Dean","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","first-page":"28","article-title":"Brucellosis in Terekeka counTy, cenTral equaToria sTaTe, souThern sudan","volume":"89","author":"D Lado","year":"2012","journal-title":"East African medical journal"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Brucellosis in Iraq: Epidemiology, present status, and Challenges in controlling the disease","author":"HMS Salih","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Brucellosis in humans and animals","author":"MJ Corbel","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","first-page":"7","article-title":"Invited Speakers\u2019 abstracts","volume":"18","author":"P Newton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and International Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.24248\/EAHRJ-D-16-00379","article-title":"One health research in Northern Tanzania\u2013challenges and progress","volume":"1","author":"G Ladbury","year":"2017","journal-title":"East African Health Research Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00248-1","article-title":"Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region","volume":"90","author":"M Refai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veterinary microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00249-3","article-title":"Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, control and impact","volume":"90","author":"JJ McDermott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veterinary microbiology"},{"issue":"435","key":"ref9","first-page":"231","article-title":"Social capital and civil war: The Dinka communities in Sudan\u2019s civil war","volume":"109","author":"L. B. Deng","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Traditional mechanisms of conflict resolution in Southern Sudan","author":"S. S. Wassara","year":"2007"},{"issue":"9857","key":"ref11","first-page":"1936","article-title":"Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories","volume":"380","author":"W. B. Karesh","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"FAO South Sudan trains extension workers on livestock production in Kuajok and Aweil; (<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/south-sudan\/fao-south-sudan-trains-extension-workers-livestock-production-kuajok-and-aweil\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/south-sudan\/fao-south-sudan-trains-extension-workers-livestock-production-kuajok-and-aweil<\/ext-link>): Report from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Published on 24 Aug 2015"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Village Assessment Survey County Profiles; Western Bahr El Ghazal:\u2014INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM; 2012\u20132013) (<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/iomsouthsudan.org\/tracking\/sites\/default\/publicfiles\/documents\/WBeG.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/iomsouthsudan.org\/tracking\/sites\/default\/publicfiles\/documents\/WBeG.pdf<\/ext-link>)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.07.034","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of bovine tuberculosis diagnostic tests in naturally infected cattle herds using a Bayesian approach","volume":"155","author":"J \u00c1lvarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veterinary microbiology"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"266","article-title":"Diagnostic testing","volume":"2","author":"M Thrusfield","year":"1995","journal-title":"Veterinary epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1975.tb09404.x","article-title":"The serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis: an evaluation of the complement fixation, serum agglutination and rose bengal tests","volume":"51","author":"G Alton","year":"1975","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","article-title":"Validation of Different Versions of The Card or Rose-Bengal Test for The Diagnosis of Brucella melitensis Infection in Ruminants","volume":"53","author":"AE Sayour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alexandria Journal for Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Evaluation of Simple and Rapid Specific IgM\/IgG Flow Assay and Some Methods Used in Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Gezira and Blue Nile States, Sudan","author":"BY Nour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology: Open Access"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Nutrition background paper to inform the preparation of the 7th five year plan","author":"AZ Hussain","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Exposure to animal feces and human health: A systematic review and proposed research priorities","author":"G Penakalapati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005003","article-title":"From the discovery of the Malta fever\u2019s agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis","volume":"36","author":"J Godfroid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary research"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic","volume":"22.3","author":"Mary L. McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemical medical: Biochemical medical"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8623","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008623","article-title":"Bronsvoort BMdC. Serological patterns of brucellosis, leptospirosis and Q fever in Bos indicus cattle in Cameroon","volume":"5","author":"F Scolamacchia","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref24","first-page":"358","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of small ruminants brucellosis in four districts of Afar National Regional State, Northeast Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"W Adugna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis in traditionally managed livestock in selected districts of Southern Province of Zambia","author":"J Muma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary medicine international"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","first-page":"183","article-title":"Human brucellosis: seroprevalence and risk factors related to high risk occupational groups in Tanga Municipality, Tanzania","volume":"56","author":"E. S. Swai","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"ref27","first-page":"183","article-title":"Epidemiology, zoonotic aspects, vaccination and control\/eradication of brucellosis in India","volume":"90","author":"G. J. Renukaradhya","year":"2002"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9375-y","article-title":"Seroprevalence and potential risk of bovine brucellosis in zerograzing and pastoral dairy systems in Uganda","volume":"41","author":"J Magona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tropical animal health and production"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Brucellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: current challenges for management, diagnosis and control","author":"M Ducrotoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"The epidemiology of brucellosis in animals and humans in Arusha and Manyara regions in Tanzania","author":"GM Shirima","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899004501","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Brucella spp. in cattle, sheep, goats, horses and camels in the State of Eritrea; influence of husbandry systems","volume":"125","author":"M Omer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Infection"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Classification of worldwide bovine tuberculosis risk factors in cattle: a stratified approach","volume":"40","author":"M-F Humblet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-006-4320-9","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Brucella spp. and individual risk factors of infection in traditional cattle, goats and sheep reared in livestock\u2013wildlife interface areas of Zambia","volume":"38","author":"J Muma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Epidemiology and surveillance","volume":"1","author":"RP Crawford","year":"1990","journal-title":"Animal brucellosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80139-9","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of brucellosis in cattle of the southern Darfur Province, western Sudan","volume":"103","author":"M Musa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of comparative pathology"},{"issue":"31","key":"ref36","first-page":"6086","article-title":"Serological survey of cattle brucellosis in Eldein, eastern Darfur, Sudan","volume":"6","author":"MA Senein","year":"2012","journal-title":"African Journal of Microbiology Research"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"402","article-title":"Veterinary Medicine","volume":"381","author":"D Blood","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00088-7","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and humans in the Akwapim-South district of Ghana: public health implications","volume":"76","author":"D Kubuafor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.aavs\/2014\/2.9.516.523","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in sheep and humans in District Kohat, Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"M Hussain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Anim Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"158","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and selected wildlife species at selected livestock\/wildlife interface areas of the Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe","volume":"146","author":"M. Ndengu","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"SEROPREVLANCE, RISK FACTORS AND ECONOMIC EFFECT OF BRUCELLOSIS IN JEBEL AULIA","author":"SZE Osman","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref42","first-page":"145","article-title":"Epidemiology and epizootology of brucellosis: A review","volume":"27","author":"S Gul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00241-9","article-title":"Brucellosis in Mexico: current status and trends","volume":"90","author":"JE Luna-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veterinary microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.03.013","article-title":"Brucella seroprevalence of the Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis) and Black lechwe (Kobus leche smithemani): exposure associated to contact with cattle","volume":"100","author":"J Muma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Preventive veterinary medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref45","article-title":"Prevalence of Brucellosis among High Risk Groups in Northern State, Sudan","volume":"4","author":"AM Zein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nova Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.4103\/1755-6783.140241","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Brucellosis among people in contact with livestock in suburban Khartoum, Sudan","volume":"6","author":"N Gaafar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71501","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071501","article-title":"Epidemiology of brucellosis and q Fever in linked human and animal populations in northern togo","volume":"8","author":"AS Dean","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref48","first-page":"279","article-title":"Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad","volume":"61","author":"E. Schelling","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref49","first-page":"245","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in occupationally exposed people in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"44","author":"J Kassahun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ethiopian medical journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3923\/jm.2007.861.865","article-title":"Serological detection of brucellosis in cattle and human","volume":"2","author":"N Hashim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Research Journal of Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145839","article-title":"World Health Organization estimates of the relative contributions of food to the burden of disease due to selected foodborne hazards: a structured expert elicitation","volume":"11","author":"T Hald","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006456","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T14:17:45Z","timestamp":1540217865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006456"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Elsio","family":"Wunder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006456","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]]}}}