{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:21:57Z","timestamp":1790011317448,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006483","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]],"date-time":"2018-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526947200000}}],"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche (FR)","award":["STORY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STORY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T17:49:39Z","timestamp":1525974579000},"page":"e0006483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Disentangling complex parasite interactions: Protection against cerebral malaria by one helminth species is jeopardized by co-infection with another"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Abbate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa O.","family":"Ezenwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Gu\u00e9gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Choisy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Nacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7975-4232","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"200","article-title":"The nature and consequences of coinfection in humans","volume":"63","author":"EC Griffiths","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"795","article-title":"HIV-1\/parasite co-infection and the emergence of new parasite strains","volume":"135","author":"JO Lloyd-Smith","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1407","article-title":"HIV-1\/Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection immunology: How does HIV-1 exacerbate tuberculosis?","volume":"79","author":"CR Diedrich","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"133","article-title":"Emphasizing the ecology in parasite community ecology","volume":"22","author":"AB Pederson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1898","article-title":"Epochal evolution shapes the phylodynamics of interpandemic influenza A (H3N2) in humans","volume":"314","author":"K Koelle","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"733","article-title":"Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"556","article-title":"Multiple infections and the evolution of virulence","volume":"16","author":"S Alizon","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"5801","article-title":"Potential for co-infection of a mosquito-specific flavivirus, nhumirim virus, to block west nile virus transmission in mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"S Goenaga","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Bottom-up regulation of malaria population dynamics in mice co-infected with lung-migratory nematodes","volume":"18","author":"EC Griffiths","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"401","article-title":"The community ecology of pathogens: coinfection, coexistence and community composition","volume":"18","author":"EW Seabloom","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"e16644","article-title":"Impact of HIV co-infection on the evolution and transmission of multidrug- resistant tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"V Eldholm","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Facilitation through altered resource availability in a mixed- species rodent malaria infection","volume":"19","author":"RS Ramiro","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"566","article-title":"Ecological rules governing helminth microparasite coinfection","volume":"105","author":"AL Graham","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"350","article-title":"Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey","volume":"13","author":"A Sih","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1278","article-title":"Quantifying the evidence for ecological synergies","volume":"11","author":"ES Darling","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"133","article-title":"Functional redundancy, non-additive interactions, and supply-side dynamics in experimental pond communities","volume":"76","author":"PJ Morin","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Community ecology of invasions: direct and indirect effects of multiple invasive species on aquatic communities R eports R eports","volume":"93","author":"DL Preston","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"567","article-title":"Three-way interactions between plants, microbes and insects","volume":"27","author":"A Biere","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Individual and combined effects of multiple pathogens on Pacific treefrogs","volume":"166","author":"JM Romansic","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"307","article-title":"Study of the three-way interaction between Trichoderma atroviride, plant and fungal pathogens by using a proteomic approach","volume":"50","author":"R Marra","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"652","article-title":"Host-microbiome interactions in acute and chronic respiratory infections","volume":"18","author":"SL Taylor","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1118","article-title":"Effect of helminth-induced immunity on infections with microbial pathogens","volume":"14","author":"P Salgame","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1041","article-title":"The effect of helminth co-infection on malaria in mice: A meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"SCL Knowles","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"221","article-title":"Epidemiology of malaria and helminth interaction: a review from 2001 to 2011","volume":"7","author":"AA Adegnika","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"429","article-title":"Immunity, immunoregulation and the ecology of trichuriasis and ascariasis","volume":"26","author":"JE Bradley","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"387","article-title":"Heterologous antagonistic and synergistic interactions between helminths and between helminths and protozoans in concurrent experimental infection of mammalian hosts","volume":"73","author":"N Christensen","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"333","article-title":"Impairment of primary expulsion of Echinostoma revolutum in mice concurrently infected with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"59","author":"NO Christensen","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"20122813","article-title":"The relative contribution of co-infection to focal infection risk in children","volume":"280","author":"J Lello","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"107","article-title":"Ascaris lumbricoides infection is associated with protection from cerebral malaria","volume":"22","author":"M Nacher","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"304","article-title":"Helminth infections are associated with protection from cerebral malaria and increased nitrogen derivatives concentrations in Thailand","volume":"66","author":"M Nacher","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"To be or not to be associated: power study of four statistical modeling approaches to identify parasite associations in cross-sectional studies","volume":"4","author":"E Vaumourin","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"55","article-title":"Intestinal helminth infections are associated with increased incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand","volume":"88","author":"M Nacher","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"569","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of cerebral malaria","volume":"36","author":"NH Hunt","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"913696","article-title":"Helminth Parasites Alter Protection against Plasmodium Infection","volume":"2014","author":"VH Salazar-Castanon","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"497","article-title":"Co-infection of helminths and malaria: modulation of the immune responses to malaria","volume":"28","author":"FC Hartgers","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1320","article-title":"Protective effect of chronic schistosomiasis in baboons coinfected with <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> and <italic>Plasmodium knowlesi<\/italic>","volume":"84","author":"RK Nyakundi","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"2699","article-title":"A secreted protein from the human hookworm Necator americanus binds selectively to NK cells and induces IFN-gamma production","volume":"173","author":"GC-F Hsieh","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"377","article-title":"Multiparasite communities in animals and humans: frequency, structure and pathogenic significance","volume":"28","author":"TN Petney","year":"1998"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"ref40","first-page":"85","article-title":"Associations among multiple geohelminth species infections in schoolchildren from Pemba Island","volume":"116","author":"M Booth","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"904","article-title":"Epidemiology of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Ha Nam Province, Vietnam","volume":"3","author":"C Needham","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"279","article-title":"Epidemiology of single and multiple species helminth infections among schoolchildren in Busia district, Kenya","volume":"77","author":"S Brooker","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Multiple parasite infections and their relationship to self-reported morbidity in a community of rural C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"33","author":"G Raso","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"282","article-title":"Clustering of <italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/italic> and <italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/italic> infections within households","volume":"82","author":"JE Forrester","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm","volume":"367","author":"J Bethony","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"881","article-title":"How context dependent are species interactions?","volume":"17","author":"SA Chamberlain","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"510","article-title":"Epidemiological, evolutionary, and coevolutionary implications of context-dependent parasitism","volume":"177","author":"PF Vale","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"696","article-title":"Context-dependent effects of induced resistance under co-infection in a plant-pathogen interaction","volume":"4","author":"AL Laine","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"124","article-title":"Nematode-coccidia parasite co-infections in African buffalo: Epidemiology and associations with host condition and pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"EE Gorsich","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"3093","article-title":"Diet quality determines interspecific parasite interactions in host populations","volume":"4","author":"B Lange","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Context-Dependent Competition in a Model Gut Bacterial Community","volume":"8","author":"EJ de Muinck","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"1255","article-title":"The application of ecological theory toward an understanding of the human microbiome","volume":"336","author":"EK Costello","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"437","article-title":"The reliability of observational approaches for detecting interspecific parasite interactions: Comparison with experimental results","volume":"44","author":"A Fenton","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"606","article-title":"Detecting interspecific macroparasite interactions from ecological data: Patterns and process","volume":"13","author":"A Fenton","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"1363","article-title":"The biological suppression of malaria: an ecological and nutritional interrelationship of a host and two parasites","volume":"31","author":"J Murray","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"259","article-title":"Interactions between worms and malaria: good worms or bad worms?","volume":"10","author":"M Nacher","year":"2011"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006483","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]],"date-time":"2018-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526947200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006483","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T17:13:56Z","timestamp":1589044436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006483"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006483","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006483","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]]}}}