{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:01:24Z","timestamp":1790704884920,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006576","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554163200000}}],"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T13:46:15Z","timestamp":1553175975000},"page":"e0006576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A comparative genome analysis of Rift Valley Fever virus isolates from foci of the disease outbreak in South Africa in 2008-2010"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Moabi R.","family":"Maluleke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maanda","family":"Phosiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette","family":"van Schalkwyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Michuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baratang A.","family":"Lubisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phemelo S.","family":"Kegakilwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve J.","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6105-4107","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phelix A. O.","family":"Majiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 6th August 2018"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700340418","article-title":"Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa","volume":"34","author":"R Daubney","year":"1931","journal-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"803","article-title":"Rift Valley fever in humans in South Africa","volume":"58","author":"BM McIntosh","year":"1980","journal-title":"S. Afr Med J."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400062434","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from Diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya","volume":"95","author":"KJ Linthicum","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.136","article-title":"Vector competence of Egyptian mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"54","author":"MJ Turell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"29","article-title":"Proceedings of the IVth Annual Meeting of the Inter African Advisory Committee on Epizootic Disease","author":"RA Alexander","year":"1957"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806490106","article-title":"Prediction of a Rift Valley fever outbreak","volume":"106","author":"A Anyamba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020195","article-title":"Genetic Analysis of viruses associated with emergence of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, 2000\u201301","volume":"8","author":"T Schoemaker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infec Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90329-B","article-title":"First fatal human case of Rift Valley fever in Madagascar","volume":"86","author":"J Morvan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001229","article-title":"The 2007 Rift Valley fever outbreak in Sudan.","volume":"5","author":"OA Hassan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.405","article-title":"Characterization of clone 13, a naturally attenuated avirulent isolate of Rift Valley fever virus, which is altered in the small segment","volume":"53","author":"R Muller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02095-06","article-title":"Complete genome analysis of 33 ecologically and biologically diverse Rift Valley fever virus strains reveals widespread virus movement and low genetic diversity due to recent common ancestry","volume":"81","author":"BH Bird","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"8196","article-title":"Genetic reassortment of Rift Valley fever virus in nature","volume":"3","author":"AA Sall","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-5-82","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus structural proteins: expression, characterization and assembly of recombinant proteins","volume":"5","author":"L Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"8","article-title":"Molecular biology of Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"4","author":"M Bouloy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Virol J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11353","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11353","article-title":"Reassortment and distinct evolutionary dynamics of Rift Valley fever virus genomic segments","volume":"5","author":"CCM Freire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"29","article-title":"The development of a livestock industry in Kenya.","volume":"8","author":"KD MacOwan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Hist"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069878","article-title":"African pastoralism: genetic imprints of origins and migrations","volume":"296","author":"O Hanotte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400047252","article-title":"Observations on the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in Kenya","volume":"75","author":"FG Davies","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Hygiene"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.111035","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"17","author":"AA Grobbelaar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Kegakilwe, P. S. An atypical outbreak of Rift Valley fever in the Northern Cape in October 2009. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual congress of the Southern African Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine. 18\u201320 August 2010. Farm Inn, Republic of South Africa"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"105","article-title":"Rift Velley fever in the Union","volume":"22","author":"RA Alexander","year":"1951","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref23","author":"KH Schulz","year":"1951"},{"key":"ref24","author":"NJ Pienaar","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"OIE Manual of diagnostic test and vaccines for terrestrial animals (mammals, birds and bees). Chapter 2.1.14. Rift Valley Fever. May 2008."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2323-2330.2002","article-title":"Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR","volume":"40","author":"C Drosten","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.055","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Rift Valley fever Smithburn and Clone 13 vaccines in calves","volume":"29","author":"B von Teichman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-5","article-title":"Viral genome sequencing by random priming methods","volume":"9","author":"A Djikeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","article-title":"CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice","volume":"22","author":"JD Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods","volume":"28","author":"K Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst012","article-title":"Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA","volume":"30","author":"BG Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11827","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01100-06","article-title":"Recombination patterns in aphthoviruses mirror those found in other picornaviruses","volume":"80","author":"L Heath","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss075","article-title":"Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUTi and the BEAST 1.7","volume":"29","author":"AJ Drummond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Bio Evol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v80i1.384","article-title":"Temporal and spatial history of Rift Valley Fever in South Africa: 1950 to 2011.","volume":"80","author":"NJ Pienaar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2010033","article-title":"an update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention","volume":"41","author":"M Pepin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(85)80374-4","article-title":"Prediction of sequential antigenic regions in proteins","volume":"188","author":"GW Welling","year":"1985","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009986","article-title":"Rapid accumulation of virulent Rift Valley fever virus in mice from an attenuated virus carrying a single nucleotide substitution in the mRNA","volume":"5","author":"JC Morrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.151352","article-title":"Anomalous High Rainfall and Soil Saturation as Combined Risk Indicator of Rift Valley Fever Outbreaks, South Africa, 2008\u20132011","volume":"22","author":"R Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Infectious disease of livestock with special reference to Southern Africa","author":"R Swanepoel","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref40","first-page":"269","article-title":"Molecular evolution of American field strains of Bluetongue and Epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses","volume":"51","author":"WC Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v8050145","article-title":"Experimental Infection of Calves by Two Genetically-Distinct Strains of Rift Valley Fever Virus","volume":"8","author":"WC Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001156","article-title":"Host alternation is necessary to maintain the genome stability of Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"5","author":"S Moutailler","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.12.003","article-title":"Development of a sheep challenge model for Rift Valley fever.","volume":"489","author":"B Faburay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1086\/345671","article-title":"Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans","volume":"36","author":"M Al-Hazmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"e58","article-title":"Has Rift Valley fever virus evolved with increasing severity in human populations in East Africa?","volume":"5","author":"M Baba","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect. 2016"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006576","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554163200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006576","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T19:37:22Z","timestamp":1588966642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006576"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fatah","family":"Kashanchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006576","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/338251","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]}}}